Bioremediation of Industrial Waste Using Microbial Metabolic Diversity

Abstract

Evolution is mainly driven by environmental stresses. Among all the living beings, microorganisms have elaborated a wide range of physiological responses to survive in different ecosystems. Variations in the environment allow microorganisms to acquire new gene(s) through different processes and to lose preexisting genes by the processes like mutation or deletion. Our environment is heavily contaminated by indiscriminate and wide spread use of polythene, paints, petroleum products, industrial dyes, toxic chemicals and pesticides etc. Indiscriminate use of these chemicals/polymers adversely affects the environment and ultimately human beings and other living systems. Microbial evolution/ adaptation is the key of formation of a fully functional catabolic pathway enabling them to use toxic compound(s) as a source of carbon and energy. Physical and chemical methods are applicable in a modified matrix or help in converting the pollutants from one phase to another but the microbial degradation process to detoxify the pollutants can be effectively used to overcome the pollution problem.

Contribution of insect gut microbiota and their associated enzymes in insect physiology and biodegradation of pesticides

“…The findings of this study showed that bacterial stain efficiently degraded 95% of cypermethrin within 15 days and converted it into various metabolites. In addition, laccase and esterase enzymes were identified from bacterial strain and observed that both enzymes more rapidly degraded cypermethrin as compared to free cells (Gangola et al, 2018).…”

Mechanism and kinetics of chlorpyrifos co-metabolism by using environment restoring microbes isolated from rhizosphere of horticultural crops under subtropics

“…A polyphenol oxidase enzyme, laccase, has previously been reported to attack complex aromatic chemicals and produce simpler compounds, and some microbes have already been reported to be laccase producers and their linkage to chlorpyrifos biodegradation (Liu et al, 2016;Das et al, 2020;Srinivasan et al, 2020;Kumar et al, 2021). In this connection, different researchers have conducted studies on fungal and bacterial species capable of producing laccase and reported that Bacillus halodurans, Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas desmolyticum, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, P. putida, B. spectabilis, and A. fumigatus strains produced laccase enzyme (Gangola et al, 2018;Kumar et al, 2021). In this investigation, higher laccase production by consortium ERM C-1 than by individual strain might possibly be the reason for a greater chlorpyrifos degradation ability of ERM C-1.…”

Hazardous pollutants in agricultural soil and environment

“…For example, in Figure 5B, the boost of Gemmatimonadetes could only be observed in imidacloprid treatment, whereas in Figure 6A, the inhibition of Latescibacteria could only be observed in dimethomorph treatment. There were reports on the utilization of pesticides and their metabolites (Gangola et al, 2018a(Gangola et al, ,b, 2022a(Gangola et al, ,c, 2023 and on the fact that the microbes killed by biocides may become carbon and nitrogen sources of surviving microbes (Ullah and Dijkstra, 2019).…”