Bioremediation of Historically Chlorimuron-Ethyl-Contaminated Soil by Co-Culture Chlorimuron-Ethyl-Degrading Bacteria Combined with the Spent Mushroom Substrate

Abstract

In this study, a novel chlorimuron-ethyl-degrading Pleurotus eryngiu-SMS-CB was successfully constructed for remediation of soil historically contaminated with chlorimuron-ethyl. The P. eryngiu-SMS-CB was prepared using efficient chlorimuron-ethyl-degrading cocultured bacteria, Rhodococcus sp. D310-1 and Enterobacter sp. D310-5, with spent mushroom substrate (SMS, a type of agricultural waste containing laccase) of Pleurotus eryngiu as a carrier. The chlorimuron-ethyl degradation efficiency in historically chlorimuron-ethyl-contaminated soil reached 93.1% at the end of 80 days of treatment with the P. eryngiu-SMS-CB. Although the P. eryngiu-SMS-CB altered the microbial community structure at the beginning of the 80 days, the bacterial population slowly recovered after 180 days; thus, the P. eryngiu-SMS-CB does not have an excessive effect on the long-term microbial community structure of the soil. Pot experiments indicated that contaminated soil remediation with P. eryngiu-SMS-CB reduced the toxic effects of chlorimuron-ethyl on wheat. This paper is the first to attempt to use chlorimuron-ethyl-degrading bacterial strains adhering to P. eryngiu-SMS to remediate historically chlorimuron-ethyl-contaminated soil, and the microbial community structure and P. eryngiu-SMS-CB activity in chlorimuron-ethyl-contaminated soil were traced in situ to evaluate the long-term effects of this remediation.

Recent advances on environmentally sustainable valorization of spent mushroom substrate: A review

“…Additionally, there are no negative effects of the addition of mushroom residue on the long-term microbial community structure of the soil. 56…”

“…The SMS promoted the growth of local bacteria that break down pollutants and accelerated the activity of enzymes. Additionally, there are no negative effects of the addition of mushroom residue on the long‐term microbial community structure of the soil 56 …”

Enzymatic and non-enzymatic removal of organic micropollutants with spent mushroom substrate of Agaricus bisporus

“…This so-called phytostabilization results in the conversion of soluble heavy metals into insoluble compounds, for example by binding to organic matter (Wei et al 2020 ; Yu et al 2021 ). In addition, SMS of different mushroom forming fungi can degrade OMPs (Law et al 2003 ; Purnomo et al 2010 ; Sadiq et al 2018 ; Zang et al 2020 ) or stimulate OMP degrading bacteria in the soil (García-Delgado et al 2015 ; Wang et al 2016 ). In the case of waste water, SMS of A. bisporus was shown to reduce contamination by sorbing dyes and heavy metals (García-Delgado et al 2017 ; Toptas et al 2014 ).…”

Pathways and mechanisms of improving carbon and nitrogen conversion by core fungal community driven during co-composting of spent mushroom substrate and corn steep liquor

“…The annual output of SMS exceeds 13 million tons in China (Huang et al 2018). SMS has many applications, such as soil remediation, soil improvement, sewage puri cation, bio-industry materials (Wu et al 2014; García-Delgado et al 2017; Wei et al 2020; Zang et al 2020), but the massive amounts of SMS are still discarded at random, cause serious environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions, groundwater pollution, breeding mosquitoes and pathogenic bacteria (Lou et al 2017;Hong 2020), it also wastes resources. The cultivating medium of Agaricus bisporus(A.bisorus) contains many crop straw, animal manure, urea, lime and other substances through twice fermentation before using (Wang et al 2019a).…”