“…However, GNPs are usually synthesized by physical or chemical methods that may be toxic to humans. In contrast, synthesizing GNPs with plant-derived secondary metabolites such as RES is environmentally friendlier and may be safer for subsequent in vivo use (Bharadwaj et al., 2021 ; Akintelu et al., 2021 ). For example, RES-loaded GNPs were synthesized at room temperature through the RES-mediated reduction of Au 3+ into Au 0 , and the nanoparticle surface was then wrapped with highly branched gum Arabic to improve drug loading efficiency and overall stability.…”