Biorefinery Systems – An Overview

Kamm, Birgit; Kamm, Michael A.; Gruber, Patrick; Kromus, Stefan

doi:10.1002/9783527619849.ch1

Cited by 133 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Due to their higher-energy density (approx. 15-30 MJ/kg) and chemical composition they are an attractive platform feedstock in the bioeconomy [1]. The main problems in use and handling of pyrolysis oils are their high viscosity, high acidity, lower heating value than fossil fuels and low phase stability [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of pyrolysis oil over nickel-based catalysts under H2/CO2 atmosphere

Olbrich

Boscagli

Raffelt

et al. 2016

Sustain Chem Process

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Background: Renewable feedstocks and bio-refinery concepts are the key to a successful transition to a sustainable chemical industry. One conceivable refinery concept is based on pyrolysis oils from biomass, though these oils are quite difficult to handle. A well investigated approach to upgrade pyrolysis oil and turn it into a valuable products is catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). However, this process has to be optimized and new ideas are needed to make the hydrodeoxygenation process attractive sustainable and economically competitive. With regard to the many successful applications of gas-expanded liquids in heterogeneous catalysis, the expansion of pyrolysis oil with carbon dioxide was applied in the context of a hydrodeoxygenation reaction. The catalyst used for HDO was Ni/Al 2 O 3 (nickel loading 20 %wt). Results:The influence of CO 2 on the viscosity was found to be quite strong at low temperature. At 52 °C and a CO 2 pressure of 0.5 MPa the viscosity is reduced by 30 %. With 4.0 MPa of CO 2 the viscosity decreases by 60 %. With supercritical CO 2 a volume expansion of 5 % was observed. The hydrodeoxygenation showed best results at 340 °C and autogenous pressure. The experiments were started at a total pressure of 8.0 MPa at room temperature (H 2 + CO 2 ), with a respective partial pressure of CO 2 of 0 MPa, 2.0 MPa or 4.0 MPa. A deoxygenation degree of around 70 % could be reached (dry basis) under each atmosphere. The analysis of the upgraded products by different techniques indicated a slight decrease of hydrogenation with increasing the pressure of CO 2 .Conclusions: Despite we observed a change in the physical properties when expanding the pyrolysis oil with CO 2 , no real improvement of the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation reaction (e.g. deoxygenation degree) could be found yet. Possible reasons for the absence of gas-expanded liquid effects could be the polar nature of the used pyrolysis oil and the high temperature. We assume that a viscous and more tar-like, but less polar pyrolysis oil will be more influenced. Gas-expansion with CO 2 tends to be less effective with polar liquids due to the unpolar nature of CO 2 . The only observed effect in our actual system was a decrease of the hydrogenation with decreasing partial pressure of hydrogen.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of pyrolysis oil over nickel-based catalysts under H2/CO2 atmosphere

Olbrich

Boscagli

Raffelt

et al. 2016

Sustain Chem Process

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“…Conventional chemical pulp mills can be seen as typical chemical thermochemical biorefineries that fractionate and convert woody biomass into a wide range of products, such as cellulose, lignin fragments, carbohydrate-based organic acids, and extractivesderived by-products (Kamm et al 2006;Alén 2011;Lehto 2015). However, a more effective transformation of conventional pulp mills into integrated forest biorefineries (IFBRs) capable of producing new biomaterials and renewable energy besides chemical pulp has gained growing international interest (van Heiningen 2006;Baijpai 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemometric Study on Alkaline Pre-treatments of Wood Chips Prior to Pulping

Lehto¹,

Louhelainen²,

Pakkanen³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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Alkaline pre-treatments were performed for the production of organicscontaining effluents from silver/white birch (Betula pendula/pubescens) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) chips prior to chemical pulping. Pretreatment conditions were varied with respect to time (from 30 min to 120 min), temperature (130 °C and 150 °C), and alkali charge (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8% of NaOH on oven-dried wood). The analytical data (total content, weight average molar mass, and molar mass distribution) on dissolved lignin were subjected to principal component analysis to examine the relationship between molar mass and molar mass distributions in lignin removed from different wood species under varying alkaline pre-treatment conditions. Using this method, differences between the wood species and effects of the various pre-treatment process variables (i.e., time, temperature, and alkali charge) were determined.

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“…In the quest for replacing materials, chemicals, and energy manufactured from fossil resources, forest biomass and integrated forest biorefineries (IFBRs) play a particularly important role (Kamm et al 2006;Carvalheiro et al 2008;Alén 2011;Baijpai 2012;Lehto 2015). IFBRs modified from conventional pulp and paper mills can utilize the already existing logistical and industrial infrastructure of the existing production plants, thus minimizing the investment costs compared to those resulting from building a standalone biomass conversion facility from the beginning (van Heiningen 2006;FitzPatrick et al 2010;Huang et al 2010;Moshkelani et al 2013;Machani et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Material Dissolved During Oxygen-Alkali Pulping of Hot-Water-Extracted Spruce Sawdust

Lehto¹,

Alén²

2016

BioResources

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Untreated and hot-water-extracted (HWE) Norway spruce (Picea abies) sawdust was cooked using the sulfur-free oxygen-alkali (OA) method under the following conditions: temperature, 170 °C; liquor-to-wood ratio, 5:1 L/kg; and NaOH charge, 19% on the oven-dry sawdust. In comparison with earlier studies conducted with birch sawdust, the spruce cooking yield data, together with the amount of the pulp rejects (78% to 86% for reference pulps from the initial feedstock and 73% to 83% for pulps from the HWE feedstock), revealed that the pretreatment stage prior to spruce OA pulping caused different effects on pulping performance. The analyses of the three main compound groups (i.e., lignin, volatile acids, and hydroxy acids) in black liquor indicated that slightly higher contents (25.5 to 45.9 g/L) of dissolved lignin were detected in black liquors originating from the HWE sawdust than in the black liquors from the reference material (27.2 to 39.6 g/L). In contrast, considerably lower (~20% decrease) volatile acid contents and similar or slightly decreased hydroxy acids contents were detected in the black liquors from the HWE sawdust.

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Biorefinery Systems – An Overview

Cited by 133 publications

References 38 publications

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of pyrolysis oil over nickel-based catalysts under H2/CO2 atmosphere

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of pyrolysis oil over nickel-based catalysts under H2/CO2 atmosphere

Chemometric Study on Alkaline Pre-treatments of Wood Chips Prior to Pulping

Organic Material Dissolved During Oxygen-Alkali Pulping of Hot-Water-Extracted Spruce Sawdust

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