Biorefinery Approach for Red Seaweeds Biomass as Source for Enzymes Production: Food and Biofuels Industry

Valorization of Seaweed Carbohydrates: Autohydrolysis as a Selective and Sustainable Pretreatment

“…10 Moreover, even though some marine polysaccharide-degrading enzymes have been identified and characterized structurally, there are no available commercial mixtures optimized for marine biomass, and the available purified enzymes still have a prohibitive price to allow for large-scale applications. 12 Thus, hydrothermal processing is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly fractionating technology. At temperatures higher than its boiling point, water is maintained in the liquid state due to the use of pressure superior to its saturated vapor equilibrium pressure.…”

Circular bioeconomy in the production of fucoxanthin from aquatic biomass: extraction and bioactivities

“…Macroalgae or seaweed are aquatic flora that have high nutritional and healthful benefits with regard to blood pressure, prevention of strokes, anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities. It is an essential source of protein, amino acids, minerals and vitamins, including calcium, potassium and zinc 38‐41 . It is possible to find them in multiple environments, especially seawater and ponds, and their use ranges from the food and cosmetic industries to animal feed and fertilizer production 38,42 …”

“…Phaeophytes are multicellular in the vegetative phase and have plastids with thylakoids in which chlorophylls a, c1 and c2, β‐carotene, diatoxanthin and fucoxanthin are stored as photosynthetic pigments; their color is brown because fucoxanthin masks the other pigments; some species also produce mannitol, sucrose, glycerol or oils as storage reserves. It is important to emphasize that fucoxanthin constitutes around 70% of the carotenoids present in brown algae, with an approximate content of 0.1–1 mg g −1 of dry cell weight, while microalgae contain amounts of 2.24–18.23 mg g −1 of dry cell weight 21,40‐43 …”

“…It is an essential source of protein, amino acids, minerals and vitamins, including calcium, potassium and zinc. [38][39][40][41] It is possible to find them in multiple environments, especially seawater and ponds, and their use ranges from the food and cosmetic industries to animal feed and fertilizer production. 38,42 Brown or golden-brown algae belong to the class Phaeophyceae, which is large and diverse.…”

“…It is important to emphasize that fucoxanthin constitutes around 70% of the carotenoids present in brown algae, with an approximate content of 0.1-1 mg g −1 of dry cell weight, while microalgae contain amounts of 2.24-18.23 mg g −1 of dry cell weight. 21,[40][41][42][43] Seaweeds are a vital source of fucoxanthin extraction because of their abundance around the world, as well as their high growth rate and environmental factors; for example, the unusual growth of Sargassum sp. due to the warm temperatures of the Caribbean, the increasing contribution of nutrients and pollution by human activities, 44 and the changes in ocean circulation patterns associated with climate change, among other factors, cause an ecosystem imbalance, resulting in social and economic complications near the coast.…”