Bioprocessing of Squid Pens Waste into Chitosanase by Paenibacillus sp. TKU047 and Its Application in Low-Molecular Weight Chitosan Oligosaccharides Production

Abstract

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) has become of great interest in recent years because of its worthy biological activities. This study aims to produce COS using the enzymatic method, and investigates Paenibacillus sp. TKU047, a chitinolytic-producing strain, in terms of its chitosanase productivity on several chitinous material-containing mediums from fishery process wastes. The highest amount of chitosanase was produced on the medium using 2% (w/v) squid pens powder (0.60 U/mL) as the single carbon and nitrogen (C/N) source. The molecular mass of TKU047 chitosanase, which could be the smallest one among chitinases/chitosanases from the Paenibacillus genus, was approximately 23 kDa according to the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. TKU047 chitosanase possessed the highest activity at 60 °C, pH 7, and toward chitosan solution with a higher degree of deacetylation (DDA) value. Additionally, the hydrolysis products of 98% DDA chitosan catalyzed by TKU047 chitosanase showed the degree of polymerization (DP) ranging from 2 to 9, suggesting that it was an endo-type activity chitosanase. The free radical scavenging activity of the obtained chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) was determined. The result showed that COS produced with Paenibacillus sp. TKU047 chitosanase expressed a higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than that from the commercial COSs with maximum activity and IC50 values of 81.20% and 1.02 mg/mL; 18.63% and 15.37 mg/mL; and 15.96% and 15.16 mg/mL, respectively. As such, Paenibacillus sp. TKU047 may have potential use in converting squid pens waste to produce chitosanase as an enzyme for bio-activity COS preparation.

Microbial Conversion of Shrimp Heads to Proteases and Chitin as an Effective Dye Adsorbent

“…Finding a suitable nutrient source for the growth and synthesis of the bioactivity products of microbial strains is an essential step [ 32 ]. Hence, the protease productivity of P. mucilaginosus TKU032 on medium containing different chitinous fishery by-products, including SHP, deCSP, deSSP, SSP, and SPP, was investigated herein.…”

“…Many strains from Paenibacillus can produce various bioactive compounds. The most significant of these are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors [ 26 , 27 ], chitinases/chitosanases [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], exopolysaccharides [ 33 , 34 ], antioxidants [ 34 ], and anti-inflammatory medication [ 35 ]. Surprisingly, proteases from Paenibacillus strains are rarely reported, while a large number of Bacillus proteases have been well explored and are being applied on an industrial scale.…”

“…Surprisingly, proteases from Paenibacillus strains are rarely reported, while a large number of Bacillus proteases have been well explored and are being applied on an industrial scale. In addition, several Paenibacillus strains can synthesize proteases by using the culture media made from chitinous fishery by-products [ 28 , 29 , 31 , 32 ]. Hence, the exploration of protease production by using Paenibacillus strains is interesting, especially when using the by-products as the fermentation material.…”

Conversion of Wheat Bran to Xylanases and Dye Adsorbent by Streptomyces thermocarboxydus

“…The mixture of propanol/ammonia solution/water (7/1/2, v/v/v ) was used as the mobile phase. Finally, the TLC plate was sprayed with 10% H 2 SO 4 in ethanol and heated at 180 °C [ 54 ]. A mixture of xylo-oligosaccharides including of xylose (X1), xylobiose (X2), xylotriose (X3), xylotetraose (X4), and xylopentose (X5) were used as the standard.…”

Utilization of Seafood Processing By-Products for Production of Proteases by Paenibacillus sp. TKU052 and Their Application in Biopeptides’ Preparation

“…SPBPs comprise mainly fish wastes (skins, scales, viscera, frames, and heads), squid wastes (ink and pens), and shrimp and crab wastes (heads and shells) [ 6 ]. Among them, squid pens, shrimp shells, shrimp heads, and crab shells are chitinous wastes and are thereby widely used for the production of chitin [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. However, the protein and mineral salts components in these materials are a significant impediment to the chitin production process.…”