Biopolymeric nanoparticles based effective delivery of bioactive compounds toward the sustainable development of anticancerous therapeutics

Abstract

Nowadays, effective cancer therapy is a global concern, and recent advances in nanomedicine are crucial. Cancer is one of the major fatal diseases and a leading cause of death globally. Nanotechnology provides rapidly evolving delivery systems in science for treating diseases in a site-specific manner using natural bioactive compounds, which are gaining widespread attention. Nanotechnology combined with bioactives is a very appealing and relatively new area in cancer treatment. Natural bioactive compounds have the potential to be employed as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer, in addition to their nutritional benefits. Alginate, pullulan, cellulose, polylactic acid, chitosan, and other biopolymers have been effectively used in the delivery of therapeutics to a specific site. Because of their biodegradability, biopolymeric nanoparticles (BNPs) have received a lot of attention in the development of new anticancer drug delivery systems. Biopolymer-based nanoparticle systems can be made in a variety of ways. These systems have developed as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution to boost treatment efficacy. Effective drug delivery systems with improved availability, increased selectivity, and lower toxicity are needed. Recent research findings and current knowledge on the use of BNPs in the administration of bioactive chemicals in cancer therapy are summarized in this review.

Cabozantinib-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles: A Potential Adjuvant Strategy for Surgically Resected High-Risk Non-Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

“…Nanocarriers have traditionally been designed to be selectively entrapped and accumulated around tumor cells and tumor microenvironments within tumor tissues via the EPR effect or release drugs safely and specifically to those cells to increase the bioavailability of the drug while minimizing off-target effects on normal tissues [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 56 , 58 ]. Loading CZ into PLGA-NPs may improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble CZ during systemic delivery and is useful for sustained and controlled CZ release over days, weeks, or months as a stable form, leading to a longer circulation time compared to that of conventional devices.…”

“…More importantly, NPs can significantly improve the aqueous solubility and, eventually, the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs due to a smaller size, greater surface area to volume ratio, and higher cell penetration ability [ 48 , 54 , 55 ]. Currently, several efforts to design systematic formulations to overcome the poor solubility of hydrophobic TKIs have demonstrated that different polymeric nanocomplex NPs significantly improve the anti-cancer efficacy of TKIs, such as sorafenib, ponatinib, and nilotinib, by enhancing their bioavailability and allowing for the efficient delivery of the drug to tumor tissues while reducing adverse side effects [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ].…”

“…We therefore hypothesized that translating the multi-TKIs CZ into NP formulations is an ideal strategy as it may increase drug accumulation in tumor cells via the EPR effect and reduce side effects. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), which is a polymer currently approved for clinical usage, hydrolyzes into its monomers (lactic and glycolic acid) and then metabolizes in vivo to be easily excreted from the body [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Therefore, it has been safely used to prepare intravenously injectable NP formulations [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ].…”

“…Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), which is a polymer currently approved for clinical usage, hydrolyzes into its monomers (lactic and glycolic acid) and then metabolizes in vivo to be easily excreted from the body [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Therefore, it has been safely used to prepare intravenously injectable NP formulations [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. In addition to their biodegradable properties, PLGA synthetic NPs are the most extensively studied of all commercially available polymeric NPs for the delivery of anti-cancer drugs due to their non-immunogenicity, microcytotoxicity, biocompatibility, high drug loading capacity, and controlled slow-release profiles [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ].…”

“…Therefore, it has been safely used to prepare intravenously injectable NP formulations [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. In addition to their biodegradable properties, PLGA synthetic NPs are the most extensively studied of all commercially available polymeric NPs for the delivery of anti-cancer drugs due to their non-immunogenicity, microcytotoxicity, biocompatibility, high drug loading capacity, and controlled slow-release profiles [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. This study explored the feasibility and the anti-metastatic efficacy of CZ-loaded PLGA NPs (CZ-PLGA-NPs) as the clinical adjuvant routine following a nephrectomy for high-risk non-metastatic RCC for preventing or reducing post-nephrectomy metastatic relapse.…”