Biophotons and Emergence of Quantum Coherence—A Diffusion Entropy Analysis

Abstract

We study the emission of photons from germinating seeds using an experimental technique designed to detect light of extremely small intensity. We analyze the dark count signal without germinating seeds as well as the photon emission during the germination process. The technique of analysis adopted here, called diffusion entropy analysis (DEA) and originally designed to measure the temporal complexity of astrophysical, sociological and physiological processes, rests on Kolmogorov complexity. The updated version of DEA used in this paper is designed to determine if the signal complexity is generated either by non-ergodic crucial events with a non-stationary correlation function or by the infinite memory of a stationary but non-integrable correlation function or by a mixture of both processes. We find that dark count yields the ordinary scaling, thereby showing that no complexity of either kinds may occur without any seeds in the chamber. In the presence of seeds in the chamber anomalous scaling emerges, reminiscent of that found in neuro-physiological processes. However, this is a mixture of both processes and with the progress of germination the non-ergodic component tends to vanish and complexity becomes dominated by the stationary infinite memory. We illustrate some conjectures ranging from stress induced annihilation of crucial events to the emergence of quantum coherence.

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“…Many complex processes can be characterized by crucial or renewal events and all are independent of the underlying microdynamic emergent behaviors that can be localized in time. In [6] the authors clearly laid out that probability distribution densities (pdd) of the time distance, between two consecutive renewal events, which is given by the waiting time distribution ψ(τ) and written as an inverse power law,…”

“…In the presence of seeds (n = 75), but still in the dark, the photomultipliers picked up a wide range (or bunch-type structure) of biophoton emissions per measurement. The bunch type nature resulted from an experimental artifact from the filter wheel (see [6] for experimental details) which stayed in each position (the wheel contains seven different filters) for one minute producing a bunch of emissions per filter every 443 s. It is also possible that the scattering per filter reading was also due to the range of different rates of development within the seeds during germination as well as variation in the timing of radicle (tap root tip) emergence (Figure 3). 021, 23, x FOR PEER REVIEW Figure 3.…”

“…021, 23, x FOR PEER REVIEW Figure 3. Graph shows the signal or counts of biophotons vs tim 75) within a dark chamber (see [6] for experimental set-up). Raw dark counts (red) and the time averaged raw counts over one m resent six regions (R1-R6) used in the DEA analysis.…”

“…Middle pan seeds before emergence of the radicle (tap root) (i.e., regions R events (orange arrow) and emergence and growth of radicle (i. crucial events or FBM (grey arrow). Figure is modified from [6] Benfatto et al [6] divided the total acquisition time du six regions for DEA analysis. In the first 30 h (regions R1 a technique called stripes (see [6] for equations) and sho the experiment had a mean ± SD (σ, SD = standard devia 0.03 with a variance (σ 2 ) of 0.001, which corresponded to of 0.002.…”

“…Figure is modified from [6] Benfatto et al [6] divided the total acquisition time du six regions for DEA analysis. In the first 30 h (regions R1 a technique called stripes (see [6] for equations) and sho the experiment had a mean ± SD (σ, SD = standard devia 0.03 with a variance (σ 2 ) of 0.001, which corresponded to of 0.002. While in the second set of three regions (regions ± SD scaling index of of 0.72 ± 0.02 with a σ 2 of 0.0005, = 2.39 ± 0.04 with a σ 2 of 0.002.…”