Biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic aspects of nanocarrier-mediated oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs

Formulation and Evaluation of Azithromycin-Loaded Niosomal Gel: Optimization, In Vitro Studies, Rheological Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Study

“…Niosomes have an amphiphilic bilayer structure with a polar part on the surface and a non-polar zone inside and are made up of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol . Niosomes can be unilamellar or multilamellar and can carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs while also delivering them to the target site. − Because of their greater chemical stability and reduced cost, niosomes are regarded as one of the promising alternatives to liposomes. , Pharmaceutical nanocarriers such as niosomes have been popular in the field of transdermal drug delivery due to their unique advantages like enhancing skin penetration, providing a controlled and sustained release, showing better drug stability, ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, and lower cost compared with other nanocarriers. ,,, Niosomes also have a number of advantages, including minimal toxicity, and are relatively simple to manufacture. , As a result, niosomes have been used to improve the drug permeability of AZM.…”

“…7,8,10,11 Niosomes also have a number of advantages, including minimal toxicity, and are relatively simple to manufacture. 10,12 As a result, niosomes have been used to improve the drug permeability of AZM. Azithromycin (AZM) is a macrolide antibiotic that can be taken orally, parenterally, or as an ophthalmic solution.…”

Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges: Overview and Opportunities

“…One of the most relevant applications is in drug delivery, highlighting in this field the use of CDNSs for cancer therapy ( Subramanian et al, 2012 ; Trotta et al, 2012 , 2014 ; Lakkakula and Krause, 2013 ; Swaminathan et al, 2016 ; Venuti et al, 2017 ; Lembo et al, 2018 ; Osmani et al, 2018 ; Allahyari et al, 2019 ; Kumar and Rao, 2019 ; Menezes et al, 2019 ). This topic has been the subject of numerous review articles and book chapters, some of which are quite recent ( Ciesielska et al, 2020 ; Jain et al, 2020 ; Tannous et al, 2020 , 2021 ; Andaç et al, 2021 ; Babadi et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Although a vast array of drugs is currently available for a variety of pathologies, some of them exhibit bioavailability problems that limit their therapeutic potential. Factors such as reduced solubility, low permeability, reduced lifetime and low stability of some drugs, make their formulation a challenging task ( Swaminathan et al, 2016 ; Babadi et al, 2021 ). CDNSs, as a result of their spongy structure, have the ability to form inclusion and non-inclusion complexes with different drugs, and thus constitute an effective therapeutic vehicle for the delivery of drugs with low bioavailability.…”

PAMAM Dendrimers: A Review of Methodologies Employed in Biopharmaceutical Classification

“…The BCS has been an important tool in drug discovery and pharmaceutical product development processes, including pre-clinical and clinical trials 10,12 . Consequently, the assessment and determination of solubility and permeability characteristics, according to the BCS criteria, have been considered fundamental steps in the prediction or estimation of the oral bioavailability of candidate molecules for new drugs, or in pre-formulation and pharmacotechnical development studies, or even for evaluating the effects of various excipients, such as cosolvents or absorption promoters on intestinal permeability 10,[13][14][15] .…”