Bionomics of Anopheles spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) in a malaria endemic region of Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract

A 15-month bionomic study of Anopheles species was conducted in two ecologically distinct villages (coastal and upland) of Sukabumi District, West Java, Indonesia from June 2006 to September 2007. Mosquitoes were captured using human-landing collections at both sites. During the study, a total of 17,100 Anopheles mosquitoes comprising 13 Anopheles species were caught: 9,151 at the coastal site and 7,949 at the upland site. Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles maculatus, and Anopheles vagus were the predominant species caught at the coastal site, and Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles barbirostris, and An. maculatus predominated in the upland site. Overall, species were exophagic at both sites, but there was variation between species. Anopheles aconitus was endophagic at the coastal site, exophagic at the upland site, collected most often in April 2007 and had a peak landing time between 22:00 and 23:00. Anopheles sundaicus was only collected at the coastal site, exophagic, collected most often in October 2006, and had a peak landing time between 19:00 and 20:00. Potential malaria vector species such An. aconitus, An. maculatus, and An. sundaicus were present throughout the year. None of the 7,770 Anopheles tested using CSP-ELISA were positive for malaria, although the risk for malaria outbreaks in Sukabumi district remains high.

Molecular characterization of Anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes from eight geographical locations of Sri Lanka

“…An. aconitus is also considered a species that breeds at high altitudes [43]. In the present study, both these species were found at study sites with highest elevations: An.…”

The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis

“…Larvae are frequently found in open country near foothills and forest fringes with rice fields (active and fallow), various shallow pools (rock, stream, seepage, flood) and slow moving streams [154,158] with grassy margins (Tables 7, 9). Both coastal plain and upland rice fields (young and older plants) are particularly favoured habitats [37,161,163,169,174,182,186,187], especially when plants are closer to maturity and greater than 1.5 m in height [127,163,188]. Larvae can also be found in abundance in fallow rice fields and rain-fed pools in dry fields (Tables 7, 9).…”

“…bovids) are the commonly preferred hosts, when they are scarce, they will feed on humans as an alternative host [10,180-182] (Table 11). Females will feed on humans both inside and outside houses and in varying proportions, depending on location, generally with no strong preference reported [100,175,187]. Feeding can occur throughout the evening, typically beginning at dusk [100,176], with the majority of females feeding on humans before midnight [161,179,192,193] (Table 11).…”

“…Variation in feeding habits has been noted by location (e.g. coastal vs upland) and season [161,187]. Some blood-fed females will rest indoors by day [156,157], but overall this species is considered strongly exophilic throughout its range [10,156,162,171,181] (Table 11).…”

“…This species may be opportunistic in feeding habits and can show a varying preference for biting location that appears dependent on the availability of hosts. Near equal biting proportions between indoors and outdoors have also been reported [187,227,230,301,305,307]. Females blood-feed throughout the evening with lower numbers in the early evening gradually increasing to peak biting frequency on humans nearer midnight and for several hours afterwards (22:00-03:00 h), with a sharp drop off in activity before dawn [187,230,305,307,308] (Table 11).…”