Bionic Morse Coding Mimicking Humpback Whale Song for Covert Underwater Communication

Bilal, Muhammad; Liu, Songzuo; Qiao, Gang; Wan, Lei; Tao, Yan

doi:10.3390/app10010186

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The duration of a dot is regarded as a basic unit, and the dash duration is three times that. The spaces or time intervals between dot-dashes, between letters, and between words are 1, 3, and 5 units, respectively [19]. As illustrated in Figure 1, it is more like the Return-to-Zero OOK (RZ-OOK) scheme in optical wireless communications.…”

Section: Optical Morse Signal Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Robust Real-Time Automatic Recognition Prototype for Maritime Optical Morse-Based Communication Employing Modified Clustering Algorithm

et al. 2020

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In maritime communications, the ubiquitous Morse lamp on ships plays a significant role as one of the most common backups to radio or satellites just in case. Despite the advantages of its simplicity and efficiency, the requirement of trained operators proficient in Morse code and maintaining stable sending speed pose a key challenge to this traditional manual signaling manner. To overcome these problems, an automatic system is needed to provide a partial substitute for human effort. However, few works have focused on studying an automatic recognition scheme of maritime manually sent-like optical Morse signals. To this end, this paper makes the first attempt to design and implement a robust real-time automatic recognition prototype for onboard Morse lamps. A modified k-means clustering algorithm of machine learning is proposed to optimize the decision threshold and identify elements in Morse light signals. A systematic framework and detailed recognition algorithm procedure are presented. The feasibility of the proposed system is verified via experimental tests using a light-emitting diode (LED) array, self-designed receiver module, and microcontroller unit (MCU). Experimental results indicate that over 99% of real-time recognition accuracy is realized with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) greater than 5 dB, and the system can achieve good robustness under conditions with low SNR.

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Section: Optical Morse Signal Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Robust Real-Time Automatic Recognition Prototype for Maritime Optical Morse-Based Communication Employing Modified Clustering Algorithm

et al. 2020

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“…Even if enemies receive the biomimetic communication signals, the enemies consider the signals as the aquatic creature sounds [1]. Since the whales are worldwide distributed and their whistle sounds are reached to a long distance, the whale whistle based biomimetic covert communication methods have been researched [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mimicking Multiple Whale Whistles-Based Underwater Covert Communication

et al. 2022

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In underwater biomimetic covert communications, multiple whale whistles are mimicked for improving covertness. The conventional mimicking methods suffered from the trade-off between the mimicking performance and the bit error rate (BER). In this paper, we propose a continuous phase-multiple chirp modulation (CP-MCM) and a hybrid orthogonal whistle modulation (HOWM) to improve the BER and the mimicking performance of the biomimetic covert communication with the multiple whistles. The proposed CP-MCM utilizes chirp signals as the carriers of transmission symbols to mimic the frequency contour of the whistles accurately. The proposed HOWM utilizes the conventional OFDM in the overlapping whistle regions to avoid the interferences and the CP-MCM in the nonoverlapping regions to attain the large mimicking performance. Computer simulations and practical ocean experiments demonstrated that the proposed HOWM mimicked the multiple whistles with better BER performance than conventional methods.

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“…Another mapping method generates the modulation signal as a synthetic chirp with a non-linear curve to resemble a dolphin's whistle [20]. An on-off-keying (OOK) modulation based on the codas of Humpback whales is used in [21]. Other methods use the biologic signal as a strong signal to hide another signal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Dolphin Whistle-Like Biomimicking Signals by Phase Analysis

Davidesco

Diamant

2022

IEEE Access

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The application of low probability of detection (LPD) in underwater acoustic communication is challenging due to the limited bandwidth and frequency band available that allows simple interception using energy detection. Confronting that, recent LPD schemes offer to disguise the communication signal as a vocalization of a marine mammal. This way, the signals can be transmitted at high power, while the interceptor believes these are biological sounds. In this paper, we propose a first interceptor tailored to distinguish between anthropogenic and biological sounds. Our main assumption is that, due to limitations on the dump-off factor of the acoustic projector, the phase of a real whistle would be much more diverse than that of a disguised whistle-like signal. We therefore propose as a classification measure the randomness of the signal's phase. The phase is calculated by a phase-locked-loop, while the phase's randomness is measured by entropy. Our results show that the approximate entropy, which uncovers regularities in a signal, is a good classification metric. Analysis of data obtained from two sea experiments and from a large database of tagged dolphins' whistles, shows that our interception scheme can well distinguish between real and biomimicked signals. INDEX TERMSLow probability of detection; Underwater acoustic communications; biomimicking; phase locked loop; entropy analysis VOLUME 4, 2016

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Bionic Morse Coding Mimicking Humpback Whale Song for Covert Underwater Communication

Cited by 21 publications

References 37 publications

A Robust Real-Time Automatic Recognition Prototype for Maritime Optical Morse-Based Communication Employing Modified Clustering Algorithm

A Robust Real-Time Automatic Recognition Prototype for Maritime Optical Morse-Based Communication Employing Modified Clustering Algorithm

Mimicking Multiple Whale Whistles-Based Underwater Covert Communication

Detection of Dolphin Whistle-Like Biomimicking Signals by Phase Analysis

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