Biomonitoring of urinary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites of mother and child pairs in South Korea

Phthalate esters, parabens and bisphenol-A exposure among mothers and their children in Greece (Rhea cohort)

“…To sum up: I) the transformation of mEHP to mEHHP (hydroxylation) is faster in mothers compared to children, as was also reported in another study (Song et al, 2013). However, other studies (Barr et al, 2003;Becker et al, 2004;Kasper-Sonnenberg et al, 2012;Koch et al, 2004b) reported contrasting results; II) the transformation of mEHHP to mEOHP (oxidation) is faster in children compared to mothers and III) the transformation of mEHHP to mEOHP (oxidation) seems to be faster in male children, indicating that DEHP metabolism is related both to children age/gender and differentiates between mothers and children.…”

“…Measurements below mLOD (not detected) were substituted by the mLOD divided by the square root of 2 (two) (Hornung and Reed, 1990), as the most widely used way to handle non-detects in this type of studies (Ferguson et al, 2014;Song et al, 2013). Arithmetic mean, minimum, median, 95th percentile, maximum, geometric mean and 95% confidence interval of geometric mean (95% CI) values were calculated for both unadjusted/creatinine-adjusted concentrations and estimated daily intake data.…”

“…In order to investigate possible differentiations in DEHP metabolism among population groups, the relative metabolic rate (RMR) of DEHP was calculated as described in the literature (Boas et al, 2010;Song et al, 2013). Briefly, RMR 1 (1st step of metabolism), considered the molar concentration ratio of mEHP/mEHHP and RMR 2 (2nd step) the ratio of mEHHP/mEOHP.…”

“…Higher levels of phthalate metabolites (except DEHP) and nPPB in male children indicate less effective metabolism and excretion compared to females. Previous studies did not report general differences between sexes (Boas et al, 2010;Cutanda et al, 2014;Guo et al, 2011;Langer et al, 2014;Song et al, 2013) or have shown slightly higher concentrations in males only for DEHP metabolites (Wittassek et al, 2007).…”

Urinary phthalate metabolites among elementary school children of Korea: Sources, risks, and their association with oxidative stress marker

“…Because phthalates are not chemically bound to the products, they can be easily released into surrounding environment such as air, water, or dust (CDC, 2009), and hence phthalates and their metabolites have been frequently detected among humans including children worldwide (Becker et al, 2009;Frederiksen et al, 2011;Hauser and Calafat, 2005;KFDA, 2007KFDA, , 2011Koch et al, 2011;Sioen et al, 2012;Song et al, 2013). Phthalate exposure has been associated with endocrine disruption and reproductive and developmental damages in many experimental studies (Andrade et al, 2006;Borch et al, 2004;Gray et al, 2000;Okubo et al, 2003;Zacharewski et al, 1998).…”