Biomonitoring of Multiple Mycotoxins in Urine by GC–MS/MS: A Pilot Study on Patients with Esophageal Cancer in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran

Niknejad, Farhad; Escrivá, Laura; Rad, Khoda Berdi Adel; Khoshnia, Masoud; Barba, Francisco J.; Berrada, Houda

doi:10.3390/toxins13040243

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Contrary to these results, Warth et al [ 25 ] did not determine free DON in analyzed urinary samples. Niknejad et al [ 26 ] studied the multi-mycotoxin urinary levels in healthy volunteers and esophageal cancer patients, and reported DON presence in only one sample from healthy volunteers at a concentration of 8.42 µg/L.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Human Exposure to Deoxynivalenol, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone and Their Metabolites Biomarker in Urine Samples Using LC-ESI-qTOF

Carballo

Pallarés

Ferrer

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Human are exposed to a wide range of mycotoxins through dietary food intake, including processed food. Even most of the mycotoxin exposure assessment studies are based on analysis of foodstuffs, and evaluation of dietary intake through food consumption patterns and human biomonitoring methods are rising as a reliable alternative to approach the individual exposures, overcoming the limitations of the indirect dietary assessment. In this study, human urine samples were analyzed, seeking the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and their metabolites. For this purpose, 40 urine samples from female and male adult residents in the city of Valencia (Spain) were evaluated by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-qTOF) after salting-out liquid–liquid extraction. Analytical data showed that 72.5% of analyzed samples were contaminated by at least one mycotoxin at variable levels. The most prevalent mycotoxins were de-epoxy DON (DOM-1) (53%), ZEA (40%), and α-zearalenol (αZOL) (43%), while OTA was only detected in one sample. The mean concentrations in positive samples were DON (9.07 ng/mL), DOM-1 (20.28 ng/mL), ZEA (6.70 ng/mL), ZEA-14 glucoside (ZEA-14-Glc) (12.43 ng/mL), αZOL (27.44 ng/mL), αZOL-14 glucoside (αZOL-14-Glc) (12.84 ng/mL), and OTA (11.73 ng/mL). Finally, probable daily intakes (PDIs) were calculated and compared with the established tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) to estimate the potential risk of exposure to the studied mycotoxins. The calculated PDI was below the TDI value established for DON in both female and male adults, reaching a percentage up to 30%; however, this percentage increased up to 92% considering total DON (DON + DOM-1). On the other hand, the PDI obtained for ZEA and its metabolites were higher than the TDI value fixed, but the low urine excretion rate (10%) considered should be highlighted. Finally, the PDI calculated in the detected positive sample for OTA exceeded the TDI value. The findings of the present study confirm the presence of the studied mycotoxins and their metabolites as some of the most prevalent in urine.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Human Exposure to Deoxynivalenol, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone and Their Metabolites Biomarker in Urine Samples Using LC-ESI-qTOF

Carballo

Pallarés

Ferrer

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…The authors found the co-occurrence of the mycotoxins (NEO, HT-2, and T-2) in the urine samples. While T-2 toxin was only present in the oesophageal cancer group, HT-2 was the most common mycotoxin in combination present in all the co-occurring samples, followed by NEO, which was present in two of the three multi-contaminated urine samples [48]. Although the relationship between mycotoxin exposure and oesophageal cancer incidence was not established, and since cancer is a multifactorial disease, other cofounding factors could play a role in the development of the disease.…”

Section: Mycotoxin-linked Mutations and Increased Esophageal Cancer R...mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The sixteen included studies comprised of fifteen case-control studies [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] and one cohort study [49]. Twelve (75%) of the studies were from Asia [35][36][37][38]40,[42][43][44][45]48,49], while the remaining four (25%) of the studies were conducted in Africa. The studies from Africa were carried out in South African [41], Sudanese [39], and, in two studies, from Tunisian populations [46,47].…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycotoxin-Linked Mutations and Cancer Risk: A Global Health Issue

Ekwomadu

Mwanza

Musekiwa

2022

IJERPH

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Humans continue to be constantly exposed to mycotoxins, mainly through oral exposure (dietary), inhalation, or dermal contact. Recently, it has been of increasing interest to investigate mycotoxin-linked carcinogenicity. This systematic review was conducted to synthesize evidence of the association between mycotoxin-linked mutations and the risk of cancer, to provide an overview of the data linking exposure to different mycotoxins with human cancer risk, and to provide an update on current research on the risk of cancer associated with human exposure to mycotoxins. PRISMA guidelines were used when conducting the systematic review. PubMed, MEDLINE, and CINAHL electronic databases were comprehensively searched to extract the relevant studies published from inception to May 2022. A total of sixteen relevant studies (4907 participants) were identified and included in this review. Of these, twelve studies were from Asia, while four of the studies were conducted in Africa. The overall meta-analysis result found no significant association, although some of the studies confirmed an association between mycotoxin-linked mutations and primary liver cancer risk. Mainly, the experimental studies have shown associations between mycotoxin-linked mutations and cancer risk, and there is a need for researchers to confirm these links in epidemiological studies in order to guide public health policies and interventions.

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“…Urine samples constitute a complex matrix, in which mycotoxins presented in trace amounts may be masked by some interfering compounds, making a clean-up step necessary. Different techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), dispersive liquid-liquid micro extraction (DLLME), QuEChERS, and immunoaffinity columns (IAC) have been reported in the literature for mycotoxin determination in urine [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Throughput Determination of Major Mycotoxins with Human Health Concerns in Urine by LC-Q TOF MS and Its Application to an Exposure Study

Pallarés

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Ferrer

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Human biomonitoring constitutes a suitable tool to assess exposure to toxins overcoming the disadvantages of traditional methods. Urine constitutes an accessible biological matrix in biomonitoring studies. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced naturally by filamentous fungi that produce a wide range of adverse health effects. Thus, the determination of urinary mycotoxin levels is a useful tool for assessing the individual exposure to these food contaminants. In this study, a suitable methodology has been developed to evaluate the presence of aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin (AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), ochratoxin B (OTB), zearalenone (ZEA), and α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) in urine samples as exposure biomarkers. For this purpose, different extraction procedures, namely, the Solid Phase Extraction (SPE); Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (DLLME); and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) methods were assessed, followed by Liquid Chromatography coupled to Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry with Electrospray Ionization (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS) determination. Then, the proposed methodology was applied to determine mycotoxin concentrations in 56 human urine samples from volunteers and to estimate the potential risk of exposure. The results obtained revealed that 55% of human urine samples analyzed resulted positive for at least one mycotoxin. Among all studied mycotoxins, only AFB2, AFG2, and OTB were detected with incidences of 32, 41, and 9%, respectively, and levels in the range from <LOQ to 69.42 µg/L. Risk assessment revealed a potential health risk, obtaining MoE values < 10,000. However, it should be highlighted that few samples were contaminated, and that more data about mycotoxin excretion rates and their BMDL10 values are needed for a more accurate risk assessment.

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Biomonitoring of Multiple Mycotoxins in Urine by GC–MS/MS: A Pilot Study on Patients with Esophageal Cancer in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran

Cited by 18 publications

References 41 publications

Assessment of Human Exposure to Deoxynivalenol, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone and Their Metabolites Biomarker in Urine Samples Using LC-ESI-qTOF

Assessment of Human Exposure to Deoxynivalenol, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone and Their Metabolites Biomarker in Urine Samples Using LC-ESI-qTOF

Mycotoxin-Linked Mutations and Cancer Risk: A Global Health Issue

High-Throughput Determination of Major Mycotoxins with Human Health Concerns in Urine by LC-Q TOF MS and Its Application to an Exposure Study

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