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“…Additionally, there is a hypsochromic blue shift (~10 nm) in the shoulder peak from red region of 300 nm to blue region of 290 nm in Mn:ZnS absorption edge. Such an observation may be accredited to the formation of smaller particles than that of bulk ZnS and the quantum confinement effect of Mn:ZnS NPs, consistent with the previous reports on semiconducting ZnS QDs [ 22 , 31 , 32 ]. The band gap of chemically synthesized ZnS and Mn:ZnS NPs were obtained from the UV absorption data using the following Equation (4): α hυ = A ( hυ − E g ) 1/2 where α is the absorption coefficient, A is a proportionality constant, hv is the photon energy and E g is the band gap energy of the material [ 31 ].…”

“…Such an observation may be accredited to the formation of smaller particles than that of bulk ZnS and the quantum confinement effect of Mn:ZnS NPs, consistent with the previous reports on semiconducting ZnS QDs [ 22 , 31 , 32 ]. The band gap of chemically synthesized ZnS and Mn:ZnS NPs were obtained from the UV absorption data using the following Equation (4): α hυ = A ( hυ − E g ) 1/2 where α is the absorption coefficient, A is a proportionality constant, hv is the photon energy and E g is the band gap energy of the material [ 31 ]. The hv was derived from hv = hc/λ, where h is the Planck constant (4.136 × 10 −15 eV), c is the velocity of light in vacuum (2.997 × 10 17 nm/s), and λ is the wavelength (nm) [ 33 ].…”

“…In the recorded XRD pattern, the impurity peaks are absent, revealing that the doped Mn ions are getting properly substituted into ZnS lattice without much alteration to the basic structure of ZnS and with minimum shrinkage and distortion to the crystal lattice [ 46 ]. The observed patterns can be correlated to the reflection planes of (111), (220), and (311) for ZnS and Mn:ZnS QDs in the matrix; the hkl diffraction plane suggests cubic zinc blende phase in accordance with Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard (JCPDS Card No.000-01-0792) [ 31 ]. The hkl diffraction planes exhibit space group of F-43m with the space group number 216 matching with the ZnS nanoctructure, as reported in the literature [ 31 , 42 ].…”

“…The observed patterns can be correlated to the reflection planes of (111), (220), and (311) for ZnS and Mn:ZnS QDs in the matrix; the hkl diffraction plane suggests cubic zinc blende phase in accordance with Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard (JCPDS Card No.000-01-0792) [ 31 ]. The hkl diffraction planes exhibit space group of F-43m with the space group number 216 matching with the ZnS nanoctructure, as reported in the literature [ 31 , 42 ]. Further, the observation of diffraction reflections for the pure CS NPs ( Figure 5 a), CS-Mn:ZnS ( Figure 5 d), and MMC@CS-Mn:ZnS ( Figure 5 e) without any impurity peak suggest the purity of polymeric nanostructure and accuracy of the product [ 47 ].…”

“…where α is the absorption coefficient, A is a proportionality constant, hv is the photon energy and E g is the band gap energy of the material [31]. The hv was derived from hv = hc/λ, where h is the Planck constant (4.136 × 10 −15 eV), c is the velocity of light in vacuum (2.997 × 10 17 nm/s), and λ is the wavelength (nm) [33].…”