Biomimetic Nanovesicles—Sources, Design, Production Methods, and Applications

Abstract

Despite all the progress in the field of liposomes and nanoparticles for applications as drug and gene delivery systems, the specific targeting and immune system escape capabilities of these systems are still limited. Biomimetic nanovesicles emerged as a strategy to overcome these and other limitations associated with synthetic carriers, such as short circulation time, cytotoxicity, and difficulty in crossing biological barriers, since many of the desirable abilities of drug delivery systems are innate characteristics of biological vesicles. Thus, the question arises: would biomimetic nanovesicles be responsible for addressing these advances? It is currently known that biomimetic nanovesicles (BNV) can combine the intrinsic advantages of natural materials with the well-known production methods and controllability of synthetic systems. Besides, the development of the biotechnology and nanotechnology fields has provided a better understanding of the functionalities of biological vesicles and the means for the design and production of biomimetic nanovesicles (BNV). Based on this, this work will focus on tracking the main research on biomimetic nanovesicles (BNV) applied as drug and gene delivery systems, and for vaccines applications. In addition, it will describe the different sources of natural vesicles, the technical perspectives on obtaining them, and the possibility of their hybridization with synthetic liposomes.

Strategies for targeted gene delivery using lipid nanoparticles and cell-derived nanovesicles

“…1A). 20,25,26 However, these methods lead to the non-uniform size distribution of lipid nanovesicles. A modication to these methods is the heating of the reaction mixtures at around 40 °C with the option of adding ethanol, edge activators, permeation enhancing agent, and so on.…”

Bacterial extracellular vesicles: biotechnological perspective for enhanced productivity

“…4 D). (Hozbor et al 1999 ; Park et al 2021 ; Mougenot et al 2022 ). Once the cells are isolated, they are resuspended in a buffer (pH between 8 and 8.5) and pretreated with EDTA and lysozyme (Hozbor et al 1999 ; Park et al 2021 ), weakens the cell envelope and degrading PG, respectively, generating spheroplasts (Li et al 2021 ; Park et al 2021 ).…”

Synergistic vesicle-vector systems for targeted delivery

“…Due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, ability to trap both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, and site-specific drug delivery to tumor tissues, liposomes exhibit increased rates both as an experimental system and commercially as a drug delivery system [ 5 ]. To date, liposomes remain the most researched and approved drug delivery system for clinical use [ 7 ]. Some of the most common liposome preparation methods include mechanical dispersion methods such as sonication, the freeze–thaw method, and solvent dispersion methods such as solvent vaporization and ethanol injection [ 5 ].…”