Biomimetic Cell–Substrate of Chitosan-Cross-linked Polyaniline Patterning on TiO₂ Nanotubes Enables hBM-MSCs to Differentiate the Osteoblast Cell Type

Abstract

Titanium-based substrates are widely used in orthopedic treatments and hard tissue engineering. However, many of these titanium (Ti) substrates fail to interact properly between the cell-to-implant interface, which can lead to loosening and dislocation from the implant site. As a result, scaffold implant-associated complications and the need for multiple surgeries lead to an increased clinical burden. To address these challenges, we engineered osteoconductive and osteoinductive biosubstrates of chitosan (CS)-cross-linked polyaniline (PANI) nanonets coated on titanium nanotubes (TiO2NTs) in an attempt to mimic bone tissue’s major extracellular matrix. Inspired by the architectural and tunable mechanical properties of such tissue, the TiO2NTs-PANI@CS-based biofilm conferred strong anticorrosion, the ability to nucleate hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, and excellent biocompatibility with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). An in vitro study showed that the substrate-supported cell activities induced greater cell proliferation and differentiation compared to cell-TiO2NTs alone. Notably, the bone-related genes (collagen-I, OPN, OCN, and RUNX 2) were highly expressed within TiO2NTs-PANI@CS over a period of 14 days, indicating greater bone cell differentiation. These findings demonstrate that the in vitro functionality of the cells on the osteoinductive-like platform of TiO2NTs-PANI@CS improves the efficiency for osteoblastic cell regeneration and that the substrate potentially has utility in bone tissue engineering applications.

Synergistic Effect of Reinforced Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Boron Nitride Nanosheet-Based Hybrid Piezoelectric PLLA Scaffold for Efficient Bone Tissue Regeneration

“…This indicates the early differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on the scaffolds toward the osteogenesis process. However, PL-Hybrid exhibited the highest ALP activity among the composite scaffolds, demonstrating the significant metabolic activity during the early stage Figure c displays the ALP staining images of the cell-cultured scaffolds on days 7 and 14.…”

“…However, PL-Hybrid exhibited the highest ALP activity among the composite scaffolds, demonstrating the significant metabolic activity during the early stage. 69 Figure 8c displays the ALP staining images of the cell-cultured scaffolds on days 7 and 14. It can be seen from the images that the intensity of the ALP stains was increased with an increase in culture time, which further supports the early osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on the scaffolds.…”

Non-neotissue constituents as underestimated confounders in the assessment of tissue engineered constructs by near-infrared spectroscopy

“…The scaffold pores allow the influx of the culture media that provide nutrients and growth factors, facilitating cellular nourishment and chondrogenesis. Over time, the cells proliferate and produce their own extracellular matrix—mainly composed of collagens and proteoglycan s. This matrix gradually expands, replacing the degrading scaffold, and eventually becomes a substantial component of the mature cartilage constructs [ 2 , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] ]. Thus, the spectra of constructs with varying non-neotissue constituents can be used to train and test ML models for assessing TECs.…”

Guar-Based Injectable Hydrogel for Drug Delivery and In Vitro Bone Cell Growth

“…Hydrogels’ unique three-dimensional (3D) porous structure, which retains a large amount of water, flexibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, furnishes the hydrogels as excellent candidates for myriad biomedical uses [ 2 ]. Polymeric injectable hydrogels have emerged as captivating subjects of research in the biomedical field owing to their distinctive properties, including tunability, mechanical flexibility, and most notably, their ability to be injected with low invasiveness for patient implantation [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Most injectable hydrogels have been developed, as described in the literature, by employing external stimuli such as temperature via physical crosslinking methods [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”