Biomimetic Carriers Based on Giant Membrane Vesicles for Targeted Drug Delivery and Photodynamic/Photothermal Synergistic Therapy

Abstract

Membrane vesicles derived from live cells show great potential in biological applications due to their preserved cell membrane properties. Here, we demonstrate that cell-derived giant membrane vesicles can be used as vectors to deliver multiple therapeutic drugs and carry out combinational phototherapy for targeted cancer treatment. We show that therapeutic drugs can be efficiently encapsulated into giant membrane vesicles and delivered to target cells by membrane fusion, resulting in synergistic photodynamic/photothermal therapy under light irradiation. This study highlights biomimetic giant membrane vesicles for drug delivery with potential biomedical application in cancer therapeutics.

Current Strategies for Cancer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Therapy

“…The main strategies for CEVs generation have been summarized in four categories, including irradiated CEVs, advanced materials-combined CEVs, chemotherapeutic drug-loaded CEVs, and genetically engineered CEVs (Table 1). Along with the increasing challenges and The engulfing process of drugs is conducted via the incubation of cancers cells with drugs so as to release drug-loaded CEVs (21-23, 25, 51) Co-extrusion of the mixture of CEVs and drugs was performed after the centifugation and incubation of the mixture at 4 o C (19) The CEVs and drugs were incubated in saponin at 37 o C (65) the Freeze-thaw cycles was performed after the stirring process of CEVs and drugs (62) The CEVs were incubated with drugs at 22 o C or 37 o C in the solution of drugs (67) The drugs-loaded CEVs containing supernatants were received a and repeated and sequential utracentrifugation (21-23, 25, 51) The excess drugs was removed by filtering through an Amicon Ultra-15 100 kDa filter (19) The extral drugs and saponin were remove with Nanosep device (65) The mixtures of drugs-CEVs were filter through protein concentrators(MicroSep Centrifugal Devices 10k) at 2,000x g for 10 min (62) Repeated utracentrifugation (67) (up to 170,000 g for 120 min)…”

“…Most studies on CEVs for advanced materials combined with biomimetic EVs were performed using membranes of cancer cells. The design of cancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles is based on the homologous target for targeted drug delivery (18,(60)(61)(62)(63). The membrane is extracted from cancer cells mostly via freeze-thawing and centrifugation.…”

“…Although the cargo carried by the EVs play a vital role in exerting a suitable therapeutic effect, their efficacy is also determined by their targetability and the effective functioning in the tumor. For the efficacious transport of CEVs to the tumor, the targetability of CEVs could be enhanced via the modification of tumor-targeted-aptamers (62) and peptides (84) on EVs. Along with specific accumulation, the absorption and the anti-tumor activity in the tumor area are also crucial, especially for drug-loaded CEVs.…”

Perfusion Chamber for Observing a Liposome-Based Cell Model Prepared by a Water-in-Oil Emulsion Transfer Method

“… 59 − 61 This is advantageous for not only synthetic biology but also pharmaceutical applications. 62 − 64 Thus, the combination of the microfluidic experiment and the WOET method can encourage the further development of a wide range of research fields related to liposomes.…”

Bioengineering of Extracellular Vesicles: Exosome-Based Next-Generation Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer

“…from a mixture. These anti-tumor components of the multifunctional exosome upon photo-irradiation worked simultaneously and synergistically for successful cancer treatment in a human lymphoblastic CCRM-CEF xenografted murine model [149].…”