Biomimetic Bone Substitution Materials

Epple, Matthias

doi:10.1002/9783527619443.ch50

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…There is a growing clinical need for bone substitution materials, especially for complicated fractures, explantation sites of bone tumours and bone losses around endoprotheses or in the jaw around lost or extracted teeth (reviewed in Epple, ). The replacing material must have the necessary mechanical stability and should not cause adverse chemical or biological reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a morphogenetically active scaffold for three-dimensional growth of bone cells: biosilica-alginate hydrogel for SaOS-2 cell cultivation

Müller

Schröder

Feng

et al. 2013

J Tissue Eng Regen Med

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Polymeric silica is formed from ortho-silicate during a sol-gel formation process, while biosilica is the product of an enzymatically driven bio-polycondensation reaction. Both polymers have recently been described as a template that induces an increased expression of the genes encoding bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and osteoprotegerin in osteoblast-related SaOS-2 cells; simultaneously or subsequently the cells respond with enhanced hydroxyapatite formation. In order to assess whether the biocompatible polymeric silica/biosilica can serve as a morphogenetically active matrix suitable for three-dimensional (3D) cell growth, or even for 3D cell bioprinting, SaOS-2 cells were embedded into a Na-alginate-based hydrogel. Four different gelatinous hydrogel matrices were used for suspending SaOS-2 cells: (a) the hydrogel alone; (b) the hydrogel with 400 μM ortho-silicate; (c) the hydrogel supplemented with 400 μM ortho-silicate and recombinant silicatein to allow biosilica synthesis to occur; and (d) the hydrogel with ortho-silicate and BSA. The SaOS-2 cells showed an increased growth if silica/biosilica components were present in the hydrogel. Likewise intensified was the formation of hydroxyapatite nodules in the silica-containing hydrogels. After an incubation period of 2 weeks, cells present in silica-containing hydrogels showed a significantly higher expression of the genes encoding the cytokine BMP-2, the major fibrillar structural protein collagen 1 and likewise of carbonic anhydrase. It is concluded that silica, and to a larger extent biosilica, retains its morphogenetic/osteogenic potential after addition to Na-alginate-based hydrogels. This property might qualify silica hydrogels to be also used as a matrix for 3D cell printing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a morphogenetically active scaffold for three-dimensional growth of bone cells: biosilica-alginate hydrogel for SaOS-2 cell cultivation

Müller

Schröder

Feng

et al. 2013

J Tissue Eng Regen Med

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] Bioinspired or biomimetic growth of calcium phosphate from aqueous solution at roughly physiological conditions has been studied for the synthesis of new biomaterials with properties that are much closer to those of natural materials than many of the more traditional biomaterials such as ceramics or metals. Polymer-controlled mineralization has also been used as model for understanding and quantifying calcium phosphate biomineralization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystal structure and chemical composition of biomimetic calcium phosphate nanofibers

et al. 2013

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a Calcium phosphate nanofibers with a diameter of only a few nanometers and a cotton-ball-like aggregate morphology have been reported several times in the literature. Although fiber formation seems reproducible in a variety of conditions, the crystal structure and chemical composition of the fibers have been elusive. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, low dose electron (nano)diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy, we have assigned crystal structures and chemical compositions to the fibers. Moreover, we demonstrate that the mineralization process yields true polymer/calcium phosphate hybrid materials where the block copolymer template is closely associated with the calcium phosphate.

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“…Synthetic bone scaffolds have—theoretically—significant advantages over allogenous bone grafts because they are not fraught with uncertainties, e.g., disease transmission, or risk of infection or immunogenicity. The prerequisites of synthetic bone scaffolds, to be effectively used for biomedical repair of bone defects, are (1) to mimic the physiochemical characteristics of the bone, a complicated challenge, and (2) to be associated with or to be endued with the properties to actively attract the bone constructing cells, either the progenitor cells or the functionally active terminally differentiated bone-forming cells (reviewed in [1,6]). …”

Section: Scaffoldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence they act osteoconductively and to some extent also osteointegratively, but they are lacking of any osteoinductive properties (see [89]). To take advantage of their excellent mechanical properties, these materials have to be biologically functionalized (reviewed in [6]). …”

Section: Scaffoldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to contribute to a solution of this task, we used a “biomimetic” approach. We applied biological principles and systems used by nature, to study and to design novel engineering systems and novel intelligent materials (for a comprehensive review see [6]). The prime characteristics of such a biomimetic bone substitution material should be at least osteoconductive (able to guide cells, involved in the reparative growth of the natural bone, to the lesion) or better osteoinductive (stimulation of osteoprogenitor stem cells to differentiate into osteoblasts and triggering them to start with the formation of new bone), as described in [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Deep-Sea Natural Products, Biogenic Polyphosphate (Bio-PolyP) and Biogenic Silica (Bio-Silica), as Biomimetic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Fabrication of a Morphogenetically-Active Polymer

et al. 2013

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Bone defects in human, caused by fractures/nonunions or trauma, gain increasing impact and have become a medical challenge in the present-day aging population. Frequently, those fractures require surgical intervention which ideally relies on autografts or suboptimally on allografts. Therefore, it is pressing and likewise challenging to develop bone substitution materials to heal bone defects. During the differentiation of osteoblasts from their mesenchymal progenitor/stem cells and of osteoclasts from their hemopoietic precursor cells, a lineage-specific release of growth factors and a trans-lineage homeostatic cross-talk via signaling molecules take place. Hence, the major hurdle is to fabricate a template that is functioning in a way mimicking the morphogenetic, inductive role(s) of the native extracellular matrix. In the last few years, two naturally occurring polymers that are produced by deep-sea sponges, the biogenic polyphosphate (bio-polyP) and biogenic silica (bio-silica) have also been identified as promoting morphogenetic on both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. These polymers elicit cytokines that affect bone mineralization (hydroxyapatite formation). In this manner, bio-silica and bio-polyP cause an increased release of BMP-2, the key mediator activating the anabolic arm of the hydroxyapatite forming cells, and of RANKL. In addition, bio-polyP inhibits the progression of the pre-osteoclasts to functionally active osteoclasts. Based on these findings, new bioinspired strategies for the fabrication of bone biomimetic templates have been developed applying 3D-printing techniques. Finally, a strategy is outlined by which these two morphogenetically active polymers might be used to develop a novel functionally active polymer.

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Biomimetic Bone Substitution Materials

Cited by 6 publications

References 124 publications

Development of a morphogenetically active scaffold for three-dimensional growth of bone cells: biosilica-alginate hydrogel for SaOS-2 cell cultivation

Development of a morphogenetically active scaffold for three-dimensional growth of bone cells: biosilica-alginate hydrogel for SaOS-2 cell cultivation

Crystal structure and chemical composition of biomimetic calcium phosphate nanofibers

The Deep-Sea Natural Products, Biogenic Polyphosphate (Bio-PolyP) and Biogenic Silica (Bio-Silica), as Biomimetic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Fabrication of a Morphogenetically-Active Polymer

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