Biomimetic biphasic 3‐D nanocomposite scaffold for osteochondral regeneration

Abstract

Scaffold-based interfacial tissue engineering aims to not only provide the structural and mechanical framework for cellular growth and tissue regeneration, but also direct cell behavior. Due to the disparity in composition of the osteochondral (cartilage and bone) interface, this work has developed a novel biomimetic biphasic nanocomposite scaffold integrating two biocompatible polymers containing tissue-specific growth factor-encapsulated core-shell nanospheres. Specifically, a poly(caprolactone) (PCL)-based bone layer was successfully integrated with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel cartilage layer. In addition, a novel nanosphere fabrication technique for efficient growth factor encapsulation and sustained delivery via a wet coaxial electrospray technique was developed. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) adhesion, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation were evaluated. Our in vitro results showed significantly improved hMSC adhesion and differentiation in bone and cartilage layers, respectively. Studies have demonstrated promising results with novel biphasic nanocomposite scaffold for osteochondral tissue regeneration, thus, warranting further studies.

Engineering Complex Orthopaedic Tissues Via Strategic Biomimicry

“…Inspired by these multi-tissue structures, a variety of complex scaffold designs seeking to recapitulate the native spatial and compositional inhomogeneity have been developed. 4,28,77 This review will discuss current regenerative engineering efforts in ligament-bone, 3,11,19,20,54,62,68,71,72,86,87,96–98,110,111,113–115 tendon-bone, 24,78,79,137 muscle-tendon, 57,58,60,117,118 and cartilage-bone integration, 1,5,13,15–18,25–27,30,32,33,36,37,39,41,47,49,52,53,55,56,69,74,91,95,100–104,106,119,128,133–136 focusing on biomaterial- and cell-based strategies for engineering biomimetic, functional spatial variations in composition and mechanical properties. In light of the complexity of multi-tissue regeneration, the application of strategic biomimicry across tissue-tissue junctions, or prioritizing what needs to be recapitulated from native tissues and identifying the most crucial parameters for complex scaffold design, is essential for avoiding over-engineering the scaffold system.…”

Polymers, scaffolds and bioactive molecules with therapeutic properties in osteochondral pathologies: what’s new?

“…The multiphasic scaffold supported region-specific coculture of chondrocytes and osteoblasts that could lead to the production of three distinct yet continuous regions of cartilage, calcified cartilage and bone-like matrices [69]. [75]. Likewise, bio-functionalization based on matrix elements has also been described in patent US2015110846A1 [76].…”

Integrating biologically inspired nanomaterials and table-top stereolithography for 3D printed biomimetic osteochondral scaffolds

“…Traditional methodologies such as porogen leaching 1–3 and gas foaming 4, 5 have been extensively studied and employed in the fabrication of porous scaffolds, but several limitations exist; namely, the lack of control of uniform pore dispersion, pore geometry, pore size, and interconnectivity, 6–9 all of which are necessary for successful integration of the 3D scaffold and host tissue. 10–12 More advanced scaffold fabrication techniques such as the twin-screw extrusion system used by Erisken et al 13, 14 , Ozkan et al 15, 16 , and Ergun et al 17, 18 have addressed some of these limitations while also focusing on spatially controlled incorporation of tissue-specific morphogenetic factors for enhanced and directed cell behavior.…”