Biomimetic Approach for the Creation of Deployable Canopies Based on the Unfolding of a Beetle Wing and the Blooming of a Flower

Abstract

Background: Cognitive Muscular TherapyTM (CMT) is an integrated behavioural intervention developed for knee osteoarthritis. CMT teaches patients to reconceptualise the condition, integrates muscle biofeedback and aims to reduce muscle overactivity, both in response to pain and during daily activities. This nested qualitative study explored patient and physiotherapist perspectives and experiences of CMT.Methods: Five physiotherapists were trained to follow a well-defined protocol and then delivered CMT to at least two patients with knee osteoarthritis. Each patient received seven individual clinical sessions and was provided with access to online learning materials incorporating animated videos. Semi-structured interviews took place after delivery/completion of the intervention and data were analysed at the patient and physiotherapist level.Results: Five physiotherapists and five patients were interviewed. All described a process of changing beliefs throughout their engagement with CMT. A framework with three phases was developed to organise the data according to how osteoarthritis was conceptualised and how this changed throughout their interactions with CMT. Firstly, was an identification of pain beliefs to be challenged and recognition of how current beliefs can misalign with daily experiences. Secondly was a process of challenging and changing beliefs, validated through new experiences. Finally, there was an embedding of changed beliefs into self-management to continue with activities. Conclusion:This study identified a range of psychological changes which occur during exposure to CMT. These changes enabled patients to reconceptualise their condition, develop a new understanding of their body, understand psychological processes, and make sense of their knee pain.

Optimisation of the deployment sequence of 2 dof systems

“…Let us consider a different biomimetic deployable structure, this time inspired by the unfolding of a beetle wing and the Miura Ori origami fold [28]. The structure is pinned so no moments develop along the struts apart from those due to self-weight.…”

A simulation of the flight characteristics of the deployable hindwings of beetle

“…It is generally believed that this is achieved by the combined effect of external forces (wing base, thoracic muscle) and vein characteristics (such as vein discontinuities, venation change, and vein mem-brane elasticity) [8] . Additionally, the hemolymph runs within the veins, assisting in the wings' folding and unfolding movements [18][19][20][21] . The driving mechanism for hydraulic control of the folding and unfolding actions of beetle hind wings was proposed and investigated [19][20][21] .…”

The hydraulic mechanism in the hind wing veins of Cybister japonicus Sharp (order: Coleoptera)

“…The folding line intersection points and the angle between the folding lines determine the folding pattern [2]. The folding of the hind wings provides the following functionality: (1) flapping wings can change shape, giving them better aerodynamic characteristics [3]; (2) pleated wings are more rigid in flexion than planar ones; (3) when insects are not flying, the folding structure allows the hind wing to be folded as a small package, tucked under the elytra [4]; (4) by a complex folding pattern, the hind wing can be folded to even one-tenth the unfolded size [5]. Aside from muscle tissue, which can control several veins near the wing base, there are no supporting elements, such as bones or muscles, in the hind wing itself, and the folded region is at the tip of the wing.…”

“…It was generally believed that this was achieved by the combined effect of external forces (wing base, thoracic muscle) and vein characteristics (such as vein discontinuities, venation change, and vein membrane elasticity) [1]. Additionally, the hemolymph runs within the veins, assisting in the folding and unfolding movements of the wings [5]. …”