Biomethylation and bioaccumulation of arsenic(V) by marine alga <i>Fucus gardneri</i>

Granchinho, Sophia C. R.; Polishchuk, Elena; Cullen, William R.; Reimer, Kenneth J.

doi:10.1002/aoc.183

Cited by 33 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…1A), found in a marine diatom; and arsenoribofuranosides ( Fig. 1B), found in marine algae (110), diatoms, the terrestrial alga Nostoc commune var. flagelliforme (148), and in oyster tissue (244).…”

Section: Biomethylation and Bioalkylationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Also becoming more widely used for nonvolatile organometalloid analysis are even more powerful so-called hyphenated instrumental techniques such as ion or HPLC-ICP-MS (110,141,147). And finally, the extraction of biological materials and subsequent determination of organoarsenicals has very recently been undertaken using microwave digestion followed by UV irradiation, hydride generation, and fluorescence spectrometry (244).…”

Section: Biomethylation and Bioalkylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial Methylation of Metalloids: Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth

Bentley

Chasteen

2002

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

515

316

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A significant 19th century public health problem was that the inhabitants of many houses containing wallpaper decorated with green arsenical pigments experienced illness and death. The problem was caused by certain fungi that grew in the presence of inorganic arsenic to form a toxic, garlic-odored gas. The garlic odor was actually put to use in a very delicate microbiological test for arsenic. In 1933, the gas was shown to be trimethylarsine. It was not until 1971 that arsenic methylation by bacteria was demonstrated. Further research in biomethylation has been facilitated by the development of delicate techniques for the determination of arsenic species. As described in this review, many microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and yeasts) and animals are now known to biomethylate arsenic, forming both volatile (e.g., methylarsines) and nonvolatile (e.g., methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid) compounds. The enzymatic mechanisms for this biomethylation are discussed. The microbial conversion of sodium arsenate to trimethylarsine proceeds by alternate reduction and methylation steps, with S-adenosylmethionine as the usual methyl donor. Thiols have important roles in the reductions. In anaerobic bacteria, methylcobalamin may be the donor. The other metalloid elements of the periodic table group 15, antimony and bismuth, also undergo biomethylation to some extent. Trimethylstibine formation by microorganisms is now well established, but this process apparently does not occur in animals. Formation of trimethylbismuth by microorganisms has been reported in a few cases. Microbial methylation plays important roles in the biogeochemical cycling of these metalloid elements and possibly in their detoxification. The wheel has come full circle, and public health considerations are again important

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Section: Biomethylation and Bioalkylationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Biomethylation and Bioalkylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Methylation of Metalloids: Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth

Bentley

Chasteen

2002

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

515

316

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The fungus is white and fluffy when collected from the Fucus gardneri exposure experiment. 5 It turns to a purple colour with white streaks once it starts growing on the petri dish with full strength PDA, it turns to a yellowish colour in 1/2 PDB and to a red/ purplish colour in 1/10 PDB. On transfer to artificial seawater, the fungus is a light purple colour.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Details are available of chemical sources, purity, and cleaning methodology. 4,5 The fungus was removed from the PDB broth and placed into artificial seawater, washed with artificial seawater (500 ml), and then redistributed into six 1 l flasks each containing 200 ml of artificial seawater and either arsenic (V) or DMA (50 ml of 1000 ppm stock solutions), or neither. No antimycotic/antibiotic solution was added to the artificial seawater.…”

Section: Exposure Of the Fungus To Arsenic(v) And Dmamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samples were taken at intervals doubling in time (0, 2, 4, 8, 16 h, etc) with the exposure experiment lasting 45 All media samples taken during the exposure experiment were frozen (À20°C) immediately to preserve sample integrity until they were analysed by using anion-exchange high-performance liquid driomatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC± ICP-MS) (Table 4). 4,5 The fungus samples were isolated by filtering the medium through a glass funnel lined with Whatman filter paper after 45 days of exposure to the arsenic compounds. The fungus samples were rinsed with sterile deionized water and then frozen, while embedded on the filter paper, and kept at À20°C until needed for extraction as described next.…”

Section: Exposure Of the Fungus To Arsenic(v) And Dmamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transformation of arsenic(V) by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum melonis isolated from the alga Fucus gardneri

Granchinho

Franz

Polishchuk

et al. 2002

Applied Organom Chemis

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A fungus isolated from the macroalga Fucus gardneri was identified by using 28S rDNA sequence analysis, 99% similarity match, as Fusarium oxysporum meloni. The fungus was exposed to arsenic(V) (500 ppb) in artificial seawater to investigate the possibility that the fungus is the source of the metabolic activity that results in the presence of arsenosugars in the macroalga. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to identify the arsenic species in the fungus, and in the growth medium. The fungus was able to accumulate arsenic(V) and an increase in arsenite and dimethylarsinate was also observed. Some reduction of arsenate led to a small increase of arsenite in the growth medium. The fungus does not seem to be involved with the accumulation of arsenosugars by the Fucus.

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Biotransformation of arsenate to arsenosugars by Chlorella vulgaris

Murray

Raab

Marr

et al. 2003

Applied Organom Chemis

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Chlorella vulgaris was cultivated in a growth medium containing arsenate concentration of <0.01, 10, 100 and 1000 mg l −1 . Illumination was carried out in 12 h cycles for 5 days. The health status of the culture was monitored by continuous pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) readings. Destructive sampling was used for the determination of biomass, chlorophyll, total arsenic and arsenic species. The chlorophyll a content, the DO and pH cycles were not significantly different for the different arsenate concentrations in the culture. In contrast, biomass production was significantly (p < 0.05) increased for the arsenic(V) treatment at 1000 mg l −1 compared with 100 mg l −1 .The arsenic concentration in the algae increased with the arsenate concentration in the culture. However, the bioconcentration factor decreased a hundred-fold with increase of arsenate from the background level to 1000 mg l −1 . The arsenic species were identified by using strong anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis after methanol/water (1 : 1) extraction. The majority (87-100%) of the extractable arsenic was still arsenate; arsenite was found to be between 1 and 6% of total extractable arsenic in the algae. In addition to dimethylarsinic acid, one unknown arsenical (almost co-eluting with methylarsonic acid) and three different arsenosugars have been identified for the first time in C. vulgaris growing in a culture containing a mixture of antibiotics and believed to be axenic. The transformation to arsenosugars in the algae is not dependent on the arsenate concentration in the culture and varies between 0.2 and 5% of total accumulated arsenic. Although no microbiological tests for bacterial contamination were made, this study supports the hypothesis that algae, and not associated bacteria, produce the arsenosugars.

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Biomethylation and bioaccumulation of arsenic(V) by marine alga Fucus gardneri

Cited by 33 publications

References 22 publications

Microbial Methylation of Metalloids: Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth

Microbial Methylation of Metalloids: Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth

Transformation of arsenic(V) by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum melonis isolated from the alga Fucus gardneri

Biotransformation of arsenate to arsenosugars by Chlorella vulgaris

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