Biomedical Perspective of Electrochemical Nanobiosensor

Abstract

Electrochemical biosensor holds great promise in the biomedical area due to its enhanced specificity, sensitivity, label-free nature and cost effectiveness for rapid point-of-care detection of diseases at bedside. In this review, we are focusing on the working principle of electrochemical biosensor and how it can be employed in detecting biomarkers of fatal diseases like cancer, AIDS, hepatitis and cardiovascular diseases. Recent advances in the development of implantable biosensors and exploration of nanomaterials in fabrication of electrodes with increasing the sensitivity of biosensor for quick and easy detection of biomolecules have been elucidated in detail. Electrochemical-based detection of heavy metal ions which cause harmful effect on human health has been discussed. Key challenges associated with the electrochemical sensor and its future perspectives are also addressed.

Fabrication of Electrochemical-Based Bioelectronic Device and Biosensor Composed of Biomaterial-Nanomaterial Hybrid

“…The indirect immobilization technique is based on the modification of the electrode surface with suitable linkers for the establishment of functional groups to be further used for the enzyme binding reaction. Whereas, the direct immobilization method does not require extra chemical linkers and involves either physical adsorption or specific interaction between the enzyme and the electrode, such as immobilization by means of Au-thiol (sulfhydryl) interaction (Rao et al 1798;Singh et al 2016;Wong et al 2009). Although, the enzyme-based ECBs have been utilized for the detection of various toxins and analytes, such as glucose (Wang 2008), urea Cho and Huang 1798), nitric oxide (Nagase et al 1797;Yoon et al 2017b) and hydrogen peroxide, here we demonstrate some examples of enzyme-based ECBs for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ).…”

Thermo‐mechanical and tribological properties of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes filled friction composite materials

“…The process of shear induced distributive mixing of MWCNT with the other ingredients was adopted, in the course of which some extent of dispersive mixing was also obtained. However, for friction composites the distributive mixing is reportedly more effective than dispersive mixing [16,20,21]. The composite fabrication conditions during compression molding are given in Table 2.…”

“…alumina, silicon carbide, and silica on brake friction materials has also been investigated as an attempt to enhance the friction level while highlighting their potential abrasive nature [18]. Further, the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), nanoclay, and hybrid nanoclay/MWCNT in friction formulation found to be effective in arresting temperature rise of the disc, arrest fading, improving recovery with a higher level of friction and wear performance [19][20][21].…”

Eyeglasses based wireless electrolyte and metabolite sensor platform

“…32 These two classes of electrochemical sensors can cover the majority of target analytes for the healthcare and fitness applications. 33 Hence, while the new concept of eyeglasses based chemical sensing is illustrated here in connection to sweat lactate and potassium monitoring, it can be readily expanded to other important metabolites or electrolytes via a judicious selection of the enzyme or ionophore receptor, respectively, and using easily replaceable nose-bridge sticker pads.…”