Biomedical Applications of Chitin and Chitosan

Allan, G. G.; Altman, L.C.; Bensinger, Richard E.; Ghosh, Dibakar; Hirabayashi, Yasuhiko; Neogi, A. N.; Neogi, Sudipto

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-780950-2.50013-7

Cited by 72 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In the field of medicine, the effects of chitin and chitosan on wound healing have been the focus of great attention since Prudden et al published a paper in 1970 stating that these agents accelerate wound healing [15]. Numerous reports describe the stimulatory effects of chitin and chitosan on tissue reactions involved in wound healing [1,[3][4][5][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Their most notable property is their propensity to induce abundant granulation tissue formation with angiogenesis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Chitin and Chitosan on Collagen Synthesis in Wound Healing

et al. 2004

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ABSTRACT. Collagen synthesis was evaluated by measuring prolyl hydroxylase (PHL) activity induced within rat granulation tissue by a polyester non-woven fabric (NWF, 1 × 1 cm, 0.6 mm in thickness) impregnated with a chitin or chitosan suspension ranging in concentration from 0.1 to 10 mg/ml. In addition, PHL activity induced in rat granulation tissue by a NWF impregnated with a phosphate buffer solution was examined as a control. The PHL activity in each group remained low until 4 days post-implantation (Day 4). However, in the 10 mg chitin group, the PHL activity increased rapidly without scatter of the data at Day 7 and remained at a plateau until Day 14. In other groups, PHL activity increased linearly until Day 14. The data varied widely at Day 7. Compared to chitosan, chitin at the higher concentration was found to induce stable collagen synthesis in the early wound healing process. KEY WORDS: chitin, chitosan, prolyl hydroxylase.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 66(12): 1595-1598, 2004 Chitin and chitosan have been widely studied in both engineering and medicine. In the field of medicine, the effects of chitin and chitosan on wound healing have been the focus of great attention since Prudden et al. published a paper in 1970 stating that these agents accelerate wound healing [15]. Numerous reports describe the stimulatory effects of chitin and chitosan on tissue reactions involved in wound healing [1,[3][4][5][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Their most notable property is their propensity to induce abundant granulation tissue formation with angiogenesis. Previous reports indicated that chitin and chitosan induced fine collagen fibers histologically [3,11]. Moreover, chitin was found to enhance synthesis of types I, III, and IV collagen [4]. However, these reports indicate only the properties of the collagen synthesized. To understand more about wound healing acceleration by chitin and chitosan, it is important to clarify the quantity of collagen synthesized as well as its properties. In this paper, we evaluated the degree to which chitin and chitosan stimulate collagen synthesis by measuring prolyl hydroxylase activity, an activity necessary for collagen synthesis in rats [18].Thirty Wistar rats (adult females, weighing 270-300 g) were used in this study. The animals were purchased from Hamaguti Laboratory Co., Ltd. (Kobe, Japan). Chitin and chitosan were supplied by Sunfive Co., Ltd. (Tottori, Japan). Molecular weights and rates of deacetylation were determined using the viscoanetric method [19] and infra-red spectroscopic method [17], respectively. The data obtained for chitin and chitosan yielded molecular weights of 300 and 80 kD, and deacetylation rates of <10 and >80%, respectively. Chitin and chitosan having a mean particle size of 3.5 µm were sterilized separately using ethylene oxide gas and suspended in phosphate buffered solution (PBS, pH 7.2) at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. According to our measurements in a previous investigation [5], the optimum doses of chitin and chitosan in granulation tissue formation in rats w...

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Effects of Chitin and Chitosan on Collagen Synthesis in Wound Healing

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“…The affinity decreases with increase in the charge/mass ratio of the binding molecules. The bound fractions, due to their varying solubility, are desorbed using organic solvent gradient [37,38]. In the present study, use of 60% ethanol resulted in the elution of all the bound chito-oligomers + monomer.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Mono-oligomeric Mixturementioning

confidence: 96%

Non‐specific depolymerization of chitosan by pronase and characterization of the resultant products

Kumar¹,

Gowda

Tharanathan³

2004

European Journal of Biochemistry

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Pronase (type XXV serine protease from Streptomyces griseus) efficiently depolymerizes chitosan, a linear bfi1,4-linked polysaccharide of 2-amino-deoxyglucose and 2-amino-2-N-acetylamino-D-glucose, to low-molecular weight chitosans (LMWC), chito-oligomers (degree of polymerization, 2-6) and monomer. The maximum depolymerization occurred at pH 3.5 and 37°C, and the reaction obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a K m of 5.21 mgAEmL )1 and V max of 138.55 nmolesAEmin. The molecular mass of the major product, LMWC, varied between 9.0 ± 0.5 kDa depending on the reaction time. Scanning electron microscopy of LMWC showed an approximately eightfold decrease in particle size and characterization by infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism, X-ray diffractometry and 13 C-NMR revealed them to possess a lower degree of acetylation, hydration and crystallinity compared to chitosan. Chitosanolysis by pronase is an alternative and inexpensive methodtoproduceavarietyofchitosandegradationproducts that have wide and varied biofunctionalities.

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“…Chitosan is also an attractive preparation to promote the healing of wounds (ALLAN et al, 1984) as it forms a tough, water-absorbent, biocompatible film, which can be applied directly to burns in the form of an aqueous solution of chitosan acetate. Chitosan has also been used to treat whitlow (BRZESKI et al, 1991).…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of chitosan on body weight and protection against <i>Salmonella gallinarum</i> infection in broiler chickens (short communication)

et al. 2007

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Chitosan adipate was administered orally to broiler chickens to investigate its effect on body weight and protection against Salmonella gallinarum. The study was conducted on 80 six-day-old broiler chickens from the ROSS line that were divided in four groups (20 birds each): I -control; II -infected with S. gallinarum and treated with chitosan adipate; III -infected with S. gallinarum; IV-chitosan adipate treatment only. Chitosan salt was administered as a feed additive in an amount that guaranteed that the chitosan contained in the salts constituted 3% of the chicken diet. (Phenotypic characteristics of Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum isolated from layers). The chickens were infected with a suspension containing 1800x10 6 bacteria in 2 ml (on the McFarland scale gruppe 3). The chickens pretreated orally with chitosan were highly resistant to S. gallinarum infection. The clinical symptoms and anatomicopathological changes in chickens infected with bacteria and treated with chitosan (group II) were weak in comparison with chickens infected with S. gallinarum only (group III). Weight gain was significantly higher (by about 12.5%) in the control group than in the chickens infected with S. gallinarum (group III). In the birds that were infected and treated (group II), and in those that were given chitosan (group IV), weight gain was about 2 -2.5 % lower in comparison with the control group.Key Words: chicken, Salmonella gallinarum, protection, chitosan, weight gain Zusammenfassung Titel der Arbeit: Einfluss von Chitosan auf die Gewichtszunahme und Prophylaxe gegen eine Salmonella gallinarum Infektion bei Masthähnchen (Kurzmitteilung) Mit einer oral verabreichten Dosis von 3 % Chitosan Salz im Futter von Masthähnchen wurde dessen Wirkung auf die Gewichtszunahme sowie die Prophylaxewirkung gegen Salmonella gallinarum geprüft. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten an 80 sechs Tage alten Masthähnchen der Linie ROSS die in vier je 20 Tiere umfassende Gruppen geteilt wurden.(I-Kontrolle; II -infiziert mit S. gallinarum und behandelt mit Chitosan; III-infiziert mit S. gallinarum; IV -nur Chitosan verabreicht). Die Hähnchen der Gruppen II und III wurden mit einer Suspension, die 1800x10 6 Bakterien in 2 ml (Gruppe 3 in der McFarland Skala) enthielt, infiziert. Die mit Chitosan behandelten Hähnchen wiesen in einem breiten Bereich eine Resistenz gegen S. gallinarum auf. Die klinischen Symptome und anatomisch pathologischen Veränderungen bei den Hähnchen der Gruppe II waren im Vergleich zur Gruppe III nur schwach ausgeprägt. Die Gewichtszunahme in der Kontrollgruppe war um 12,5 % größer als in der Gruppe III. Die Gewichtszunahmen in den Gruppen II und IV lagen um 2,0 -2,5 % niedriger als in der Kontrollgruppe. Die Verabreichung von Chitosan schützte die Kücken gegen eine S. gallinarum Infektion. Es wurde festgestellt, dass eine geringe kurzfristig verabreichte Chitosandosis die Gewichtsentwicklung der Kücken leicht verbessern konnte.

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Biomedical Applications of Chitin and Chitosan

Cited by 72 publications

References 7 publications

Effects of Chitin and Chitosan on Collagen Synthesis in Wound Healing

Effects of Chitin and Chitosan on Collagen Synthesis in Wound Healing

Non‐specific depolymerization of chitosan by pronase and characterization of the resultant products

The effect of chitosan on body weight and protection against <i>Salmonella gallinarum</i> infection in broiler chickens (short communication)

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Biomedical Applications of Chitin and Chitosan

Cited by 72 publications

References 7 publications

Effects of Chitin and Chitosan on Collagen Synthesis in Wound Healing

Effects of Chitin and Chitosan on Collagen Synthesis in Wound Healing

Non‐specific depolymerization of chitosan by pronase and characterization of the resultant products

The effect of chitosan on body weight and protection against &lt;i&gt;Salmonella gallinarum&lt;/i&gt; infection in broiler chickens (short communication)

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The effect of chitosan on body weight and protection against <i>Salmonella gallinarum</i> infection in broiler chickens (short communication)