Biomechanics of the Hammer Throw: Narrative Review

Abstract

Hammer throw is a discipline characterized by unique biomechanical features, which have often captured the interest of scientists and coaches in athletics. However, most studies have been published on technical journals for coaches and there are only few works on the biomechanical aspects of hammer throw in scientific literature. This narrative review provides a critical evaluation of the articles published in scientific and the most relevant technical journals with a particular focus on the biomechanical aspects that underlie the throwing technique and contribute to performance enhancement. The modern throwing technique has many elements in common with that used by the best throwers in the Eighties, underlying a limited development in the biomechanical understanding of throwing motion in recent years. This review analyses the ballistic and environmental aspects of the discipline as well as the motion of the center of mass of both the hammer and thrower. Furthermore, the orbital movement of the hammer and the forces involved in the throw are evaluated. This review emphasizes the kinematic and dynamic parameters that emerge as the most relevant to improve the throwing performance. Among these, linear release velocity appears to be a fundamental element. To maximize this variable, the athlete is required to accelerate the hammer by applying force. The curve of the time-tangential velocity of the hammer follows a trajectory very similar to that of the forces applied to the hammer-thrower system indicating a strong relationship between the two variables. The thrower uses the action of the leg muscles to gain momentum, which is then transferred to the hammer through the trunk and arm muscles, thus obtaining an increase of the linear release velocity. This review provides coaches with a critical analysis of the hammer throw technique, highlighting relevant factors for future development of training programmes. Our work reveals a substantial gap in the literature, particularly concerning the evaluation of fundamental key aspects of the throw such as the assessment of preliminary winds, the entry to the first turn and the definition of the rotation axes involved in the throw. A more in-depth analysis of these key elements is required to improve the understanding of the biomechanics of hammer throw.

Relationships between throwing distance and physical strength in female hammer throw: Estimating physical strength requirement corresponding to throwing distance

“…In addition, as the high load applied to throwers in the hammer throw (Okamoto, 2007), it is necessary for hammer throwers to have higher power on the basis of greater muscle mass, and therefore body weight is important as the background. Additionally, Castaldi et al (2022) refer to previous research and point out the importance of a large turning radius and the significant influence of body weight on it. Thus, the results of present study suggest that hammer throwers are required increasing muscle mass and gaining weight to improve their throwing performance.…”

Anthropometric Measurements, Physical Fitness Performance and Specific Throwing Strength in Adolescent Track-and-Field Throwers: Age, Sex and Sport Discipline

“…Previous studies have utilized powerposition throwing to evaluate performance [8,42]. Furthermore, considering the importance of run-up speed in javelin [43] and release velocity in hammer throw [44], in determining the final throw distance, it is evident that the leg muscles play a significant role in generating force. Javelin athletes utilize a crossover stride technique without run-up for their throws, while under-16 hammer throwers execute one spin before releasing the hammer, and under-18 hammer throwers perform two spins before releasing the hammer.…”

Physical fitness and motor competence performance characteristics of Chinese elite youth athletes from four track and field throwing disciplines—a cross-sectional study

“…To reduce the influence of technology on throwing performance, we used the power-position throwing technique (without run-up, rotation, or glide) to measure the targeted strength of young athletes in shot put and discus (Karampatsos et al, 2011). It is evident that the leg muscles play a significant role in generating force, e.g., given the importance of run-up speed in javelin (Bartlett and Best, 1988) and release velocity in hammer throw (Castaldi et al, 2022) for determining the final throw distance. Javelin athletes utilize a crossover stride technique without a run-up for their throws.…”