Biomechanics of foetal movement

Nowlan, NC

doi:10.22203/ecm.v029a01

Cited by 87 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 185 publications

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“…Consequently, we found that the connection and articulation formed to pelvic ring in a limited period between CS22 and CS23, which corresponds to approximately 54–60 days after fertilization. The formation of the pelvic ring structure in this proper period should be necessary for the initiation of effective fetal movement, which may induce mechanical forces and affect normal skeletal development [36]. On the other hand, fetal movements may also explain some of the variation observed between samples [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cartilage formation in the pelvic skeleton during the embryonic and early-fetal period

et al. 2017

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The pelvic skeleton is formed via endochondral ossification. However, it is not known how the normal cartilage is formed before ossification occurs. Furthermore, the overall timeline of cartilage formation and the morphology of the cartilage in the pelvis are unclear. In this study, cartilage formation in the pelvic skeletons of 25 human fetuses (crown-rump length [CRL] = 11.9–75.0 mm) was observed using phase-contrast computed tomography and 7T magnetic resonance imaging. The chondrification center of the ilium, ischium, and pubis first appeared simultaneously at Carnegie stage (CS) 18, was located around the acetabulum, and grew radially in the later stage. The iliac crest formed at CS20 while the iliac body’s central part remained chondrified. The iliac body formed a discoid at CS22. The growth rate was greater in the ilium than in the sacrum-coccyx, pubis, and ischium. Connection and articulation formed in a limited period, while the sacroiliac joint formed at CS21. The articulation of the pubic symphysis, connection of the articular column in the sacrum, and Y-shape connection of the three parts of the hip bones to the acetabulum were observed at CS23; the connection of the ischium and pubic ramus was observed at the early-fetal stage. Furthermore, the degree of connection at the center of the sacrum varied among samples. Most of the pelvimetry data showed a high correlation with CRL. The transverse and antero-posterior lengths of the pelvic inlet of the lesser pelvis varied among samples (R2 = 0.11). The subpubic angle also varied (65–90°) and was not correlated with CRL (R2 = 0.22). Moreover, cartilaginous structure formation appeared to influence bone structure. This study provides valuable information regarding the morphogenesis of the pelvic structure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cartilage formation in the pelvic skeleton during the embryonic and early-fetal period

et al. 2017

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“…Foetal movements commence at the first trimester with general movements, followed by breathing movements and head, neck and jaw movements (eg, jaw opening, yawning and sucking) . It has been reported that foetal jaw function is linked to the neck sensorimotor system, with neck movements strongly associated with jaw movements .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jaw‐neck movement integration in 6‐year‐old children differs from that of adults

Österlund

Nilsson

Hellström

et al. 2019

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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Background A functional integration between the jaw and neck regions during purposive jaw movements is well described in adults, but there is a lack of knowledge of such integration during jaw function in children. Objectives To determine the movement integration between the jaw and neck during jaw motor tasks in 6‐year‐olds, whether there is a difference between children and adults. Methods Jaw and neck movements were recorded with an optoelectronic 3D system in 25 healthy 6‐year‐olds (12 girls, 13 boys) and 24 healthy adults (12 women, 12 men) during paced jaw opening‐closing and self‐paced gum chewing. Jaw and neck movement amplitudes, intra‐individual variation in movement amplitude, ratio between neck‐jaw movement amplitudes and movement cycle time were analysed. Differences between children and adults were evaluated with Mann‐Whitney U test for independent samples. Results Compared to adults, 6‐year‐old children showed larger neck movement amplitudes (P = .008) during chewing, higher intra‐individual variability in amplitudes of jaw (P = .008) and neck (P = .001) movements, higher ratio between neck‐jaw movement amplitudes for jaw opening‐closing (P = .026) and chewing (P = .003), and longer jaw movement cycle time (P ≤ .0001) during the jaw opening‐closing task. Conclusion Despite integrated jaw‐neck movements in 6‐year‐old children, the movement pattern differs from that of adults and may be interpreted as an immature programming of jaw‐neck motor behaviour. The well‐integrated movements observed in adults most likely develop over years, perhaps into adolescence, and needs further research including well‐controlled longitudinal studies to map this development in order to provide appropriate age‐related clinical treatment for functional disorders.

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“…There are multiple conditions for which abnormal or reduced movement are causal; including developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), which affects 1.3 per 1000 births1, 2, arthrogryposis which affects around 1:4000 births 3 and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS) which affects 1:15,000 births4, 5. Additionally, there is evidence that early changes to joint shape lead to osteoarthritis (OA) later in life 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of altered patterns of movement and strain on joint cell behaviour and skeletal morphogenesis

Brunt

Skinner

Roddy

et al. 2016

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage

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SummaryObjectiveThere is increasing evidence that joint shape is a potent predictor of osteoarthritis (OA) risk; yet the cellular events underpinning joint morphogenesis remain unclear. We sought to develop a genetically tractable animal model to study the events controlling joint morphogenesis.DesignZebrafish larvae were subjected to periods of flaccid paralysis, rigid paralysis or hyperactivity. Immunohistochemistry and transgenic reporters were used to monitor changes to muscle and cartilage. Finite Element Models were generated to investigate the mechanical conditions of rigid paralysis. Principal component analysis was used to test variations in skeletal morphology and metrics for shape, orientation and size were applied to describe cell behaviour.ResultsWe show that flaccid and rigid paralysis and hypermobility affect cartilage element and joint shape. We describe differences between flaccid and rigid paralysis in regions showing high principal strain upon muscle contraction. We identify that altered shape and high strain occur in regions of cell differentiation and we show statistically significant changes to cell maturity occur in these regions in paralysed and hypermobile zebrafish.ConclusionWhile flaccid and rigid paralysis and hypermobility affect skeletal morphogenesis they do so in subtly different ways. We show that some cartilage regions are unaffected in conditions such as rigid paralysis where static force is applied, whereas joint morphogenesis is perturbed by both flaccid and rigid paralysis; suggesting that joints require dynamic movement for accurate morphogenesis. A better understanding of how biomechanics impacts skeletal cell behaviour will improve our understanding of how foetal mechanics shape the developing joint.

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Biomechanics of foetal movement

Cited by 87 publications

References 185 publications

Cartilage formation in the pelvic skeleton during the embryonic and early-fetal period

Cartilage formation in the pelvic skeleton during the embryonic and early-fetal period

Jaw‐neck movement integration in 6‐year‐old children differs from that of adults

Differential effects of altered patterns of movement and strain on joint cell behaviour and skeletal morphogenesis

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