Biomechanics and behaviour in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) when facing gradually increasing water flows

Cohen‐Rengifo, Mishal; Agüera, Antonio; Detrain, Claire; Bouma, Tjeerd J.; Dúbois, Philippe; Flammang, Patrick

doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2018.05.010

Cited by 19 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…White arrow showing the flow provenance (F), with angles between 0 and 180° implying a downstream displacement direction and angles between 180 and 360 an upstream displacement. Displacement direction at 17°C‐pH T 7.9 from Cohen‐Rengifo et al ()…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between 10 and 20% of the water volume within each tank was renewed each day. Once a day, temperature, salinity, pH in NIST scale (pH NIST ), and electromotive force (mV) were measured as in Cohen‐Rengifo et al (). Daily electromotive force measurements were converted to pH in total scale (pH T ) using Tris/AMP buffer calibration (DelValls & Dickson, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sea urchin detachment force ( F urchin , N) or tube foot disk detachment force ( F disk , N) was documented. The adhesive surface area of a single tube foot disk ( S disk , mm 2 ) was estimated from stained footprints (Cohen‐Rengifo et al, ; Santos & Flammang, ) while that of the sea urchin ( S urchin ) was calculated by multiplying S disk and the number of adoral TF (Cohen‐Rengifo et al, ). F urchin was measured for three individuals per aquarium while F disk and S disk for three TF per sea urchin per aquarium (1 aquarium = 1 replica, n = 3).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sea urchin active movement velocity ( V Mov , cm/min) and direction (Dir Mov , degrees, circular variable) under flow conditions were measured following Cohen‐Rengifo et al (). Briefly, individuals were photographed from above to track their position, and pictures were analyzed with the ImageJ v1.50i software MTrackJ plug‐in.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…See Tables S1–S3 in Appendix for model details. Model selection and validation were performed using R v3.4.1 software (R Development Core Team, ) as in Cohen‐Rengifo et al ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocean warming and acidification alter the behavioral response to flow of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Cohen‐Rengifo

Agüera

Bouma

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are intensively investigated as they pose major threats to marine organism. However, little effort is dedicated to another collateral climate change stressor, the increased frequency, and intensity of storm events, here referred to as intensified hydrodynamics. A 2‐month experiment was performed to identify how OW and OA (temperature: 21°C; pHT: 7.7, 7.4; control: 17°C‐pHT7.9) affect the resistance to hydrodynamics in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus using an integrative approach that includes physiology, biomechanics, and behavior. Biomechanics was studied under both no‐flow condition at the tube foot (TF) scale and flow condition at the individual scale. For the former, TF disk adhesive properties (attachment strength, tenacity) and TF stem mechanical properties (breaking force, extensibility, tensile strength, stiffness, toughness) were evaluated. For the latter, resistance to flow was addressed as the flow velocity at which individuals detached. Under near‐ and far‐future OW and OA, individuals fully balanced their acid‐base status, but skeletal growth was halved. TF adhesive properties were not affected by treatments. Compared to the control, mechanical properties were in general improved under pHT7.7 while in the extreme treatment (21°C‐pHT7.4) breaking force was diminished. Three behavioral strategies were implemented by sea urchins and acted together to cope with flow: improving TF attachment, streamlining, and escaping. Behavioral responses varied according to treatment and flow velocity. For instance, individuals at 21°C‐pHT7.4 increased the density of attached TF at slow flows or controlled TF detachment at fast flows to compensate for weakened TF mechanical properties. They also showed an absence of streamlining favoring an escaping behavior as they ventured in a riskier faster movement at slow flows. At faster flows, the effects of OW and OA were detrimental causing earlier dislodgment. These plastic behaviors reflect a potential scope for acclimation in the field, where this species already experiences diel temperature and pH fluctuations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…See Tables S1–S3 in Appendix for model details. Model selection and validation were performed using R v3.4.1 software (R Development Core Team, ) as in Cohen‐Rengifo et al ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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