Biomechanical effects following footstrike pattern modification using wearable sensors

Chan, Peter P.K.; Chan, Zoe Y. S.; Au, Ivan P.H.; Lam, Bess Yin-Hung; Lam, Wing-Kai; Cheung, Roy T.H.

doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2020.05.019

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In the present study, a higher proportion of individuals transitioned to a NRFS pattern (90%) compared to two previous reports; an in-field NRFS transition study using wearable technology in healthy individuals (75%) (Chan et al, 2020a) and a laboratory-based NRFS transition study using real-time visual feedback of FSP in healthy individuals (40%) (Chan et al, 2020b). Two previous studies achieved an even higher success rate (100%) utilizing in-clinic verbal feedback to transition previously injured runners to a NRFS pattern (Roper et al, 2016;Miller et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

“…Visual, auditory, and tactile realtime feedback are common techniques used for gait retraining (Vannatta and Kernozek, 2015;Warne et al, 2017;Miller et al, 2020); however, visual feedback may lack real-world utility (Van Hooren et al, 2020) limiting runners to watching a display. Wearable technology with auditory feedback has been reported to successfully manipulate gait technique (Van Hooren et al, 2020) including transitioning FSP in healthy runners (Phanpho et al, 2019;Chan et al, 2020a). However, more research is needed to understand the usefulness and effectiveness of wearable technology with audio biofeedback to transition FSP in previously injured runners (DeJong and Hertel, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wearable Technology May Assist in Retraining Foot Strike Patterns in Previously Injured Military Service Members: A Prospective Case Series

Goss

Watson

Miller

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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A rearfoot strike (RFS) pattern with increased average vertical loading rates (AVLR) while running has been associated with injury. This study evaluated the ability of an instrumented sock, which provides real-time foot strike and cadence audio biofeedback, to transition previously injured military service members from a RFS to a non-rearfoot strike (NRFS) running pattern. Nineteen RFS runners (10 males, 9 females) were instructed to wear the instrumented socks to facilitate a change in foot strike while completing an independent walk-to-run progression and lower extremity exercise program. Kinetic data were collected during treadmill running while foot strike was determined using video analysis at initial (T1), post-intervention (T2), and follow-up (T3) data collections. Nearly all runners (18/19) transitioned to a NRFS pattern following intervention (8 ± 2.4 weeks after the initial visit). Most participants (16/18) maintained the transition at follow-up (5 ± 0.8 weeks after the post-intervention visit). AVLR of the involved and uninvolved limb decreased 29% from initial [54.7 ± 13.2 bodyweights per sec (BW/s) and 55.1 ± 12.7 BW/s] to post-intervention (38.7 ± 10.1 BW/s and 38.9 ± 10.0 BW/s), respectively. This effect persisted 5-weeks later at follow-up, representing an overall 30% reduction on the involved limb and 24% reduction on the uninvolved limb. Cadence increased from the initial to the post-intervention time-point (p = 0.045); however, this effect did not persist at follow-up (p = 0.08). With technology provided feedback from instrumented socks, approximately 90% of participants transitioned to a NRFS pattern, decreased AVLR, reduced stance time and maintained these running adaptations 5-weeks later.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Technology May Assist in Retraining Foot Strike Patterns in Previously Injured Military Service Members: A Prospective Case Series

Goss

Watson

Miller

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…However, task and environmental conditions do change in outdoor running, and learning to reduce loading rate by following the indirect and direct method of biofeedback may be advantageous. We suggest future research addressing this issuehow to provide direct and indirect feedback outdoor -which has important practical implications for coaches and runners, using, for example, accelerometer data (Chan et al, 2020). Moreover, this was an acute intervention and we did not examine the learning effect via retention or transfer tests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A real-time feedback method to reduce loading rate during running: Effect of combining direct and indirect feedback

Garofolini

Oppici

Taylor

2020

Journal of Sports Sciences

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Impact loading plays a key role in the pathophysiology of running-related injuries. Providing real-time feedback may be an effective strategy to reduce impact loading; however, it is currently unclear what an effective training method to help runners achieve a habitual low loading rate is. We subjected 20 healthy non-runners to a structured sequence of direct and indirect biofeedback designed to facilitate broader exploration of neuro-mechanical workspace for potential movement solutions (indirect feedback on cadence and foot-strike angle) and to refine and converge upon an optimal subset of that space to match the task goal (direct feedback on loading rate). While indirect biofeedback on foot-strike angle yielded a lower impact load than providing direct biofeedback on loading rate, compared to indirect biofeedback on foot-strike angle, providing direct feedback on loading rate statistically increased (+58%, p = 0.007) the range of goal-relevant solutions participants used to lower their impact loading. Results showed that structured feedback was effective in increasing the range of input parameters that match the task goal, hence expanding the size of goal-relevant solutions, which may benefit running performance under changing environmental constraints.

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“…Percentage of flight (both feet) between T2 and T3 with respect to the full stride Defined by us Stride.Length (cm) Length of a full stride (T0 to T5) [26,27,30,[44][45][46][47][48] Velocity (cm/s) Average velocity throughout the stride Defined by us…”

Section: Spatio-temporalmentioning

confidence: 99%

KeepRunning: A MoCap-Based Rapid Test to Prevent Musculoskeletal Running Injuries

Rodríguez,

Marín,

Royo

et al. 2023

Sensors

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The worldwide popularisation of running as a sport and recreational practice has led to a high rate of musculoskeletal injuries, usually caused by a lack of knowledge about the most suitable running technique for each runner. This running technique is determined by a runner’s anthropometric body characteristics, dexterity and skill. Therefore, this study aims to develop a motion capture-based running analysis test on a treadmill called KeepRunning to obtain running patterns rapidly, which will aid coaches and clinicians in assessing changes in running technique considering changes in the study variables. Therefore, a review and proposal of the most representative events and variables of analysis in running was conducted to develop the KeepRunning test. Likewise, the minimal detectable change (MDC) in these variables was obtained using test–retest reliability to demonstrate the reproducibility and viability of the test, as well as the use of MDC as a threshold for future assessments. The test–retest consisted of 32 healthy volunteer athletes with a running training routine of at least 15 km per week repeating the test twice. In each test, clusters of markers were placed on the runners’ body segments using elastic bands and the volunteers’ movements were captured while running on a treadmill. In this study, reproducibility was defined by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and MDC, obtaining a mean value of ICC = 0.94 ± 0.05 for all variables and MDC = 2.73 ± 1.16° for the angular kinematic variables. The results obtained in the test–retest reveal that the reproducibility of the test was similar or better than that found in the literature. KeepRunning is a running analysis test that provides data from the involved body segments rapidly and easily interpretable. This data allows clinicians and coaches to objectively provide indications for runners to improve their running technique and avoid possible injury. The proposed test can be used in the future with inertial motion capture and other wearable technologies.

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Biomechanical effects following footstrike pattern modification using wearable sensors

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

Wearable Technology May Assist in Retraining Foot Strike Patterns in Previously Injured Military Service Members: A Prospective Case Series

Wearable Technology May Assist in Retraining Foot Strike Patterns in Previously Injured Military Service Members: A Prospective Case Series

A real-time feedback method to reduce loading rate during running: Effect of combining direct and indirect feedback

KeepRunning: A MoCap-Based Rapid Test to Prevent Musculoskeletal Running Injuries

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