Biomechanical and Scaling Bases for Frontal and Side Impact Injury Assessment Reference Values

Mertz, Harold J.; Irwin, Annette L.; Prasad, Priya

doi:10.4271/2003-22-0009

Cited by 115 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…In general, they varied significantly from study to study. For example, the IARVs corresponding to the 5 % head injury risk for 6 MO, 3, and 6 YO children estimated by Mertz and Irwin [32] are 50 to 300 % higher than those proposed by Melvin [6], even though both studies were based on adult cadaver test data and scaling method. Using computational human models and accident reconstructions, researchers [10,20,21] have developed skull fracture thresholds for children at different ages, but discrepancies also existed in terms of head acceleration and HIC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…However, pediatric cadaver test data are largely lacking. As a result, researchers either scaled adult data [6,30,32] or conducted real-world accident reconstructions to develop pediatric head injury risk curve [10,21]. Scaling methods do not consider the morphological and biomechanical differences between adults and children, while accident reconstructions generally sustain large uncertainty.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prediction of skull fracture risk for children 0–9 months old through validated parametric finite element model and cadaver test reconstruction

Liu²,

Zhang

et al. 2015

Int J Legal Med

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Skull fracture is one of the most common pediatric traumas. However, injury assessment tools for predicting pediatric skull fracture risk is not well established mainly due to the lack of cadaver tests. Weber conducted 50 pediatric cadaver drop tests for forensic research on child abuse in the mid-1980s (Experimental studies of skull fractures in infants, Z Rechtsmed. 92: 87-94, 1984; Biomechanical fragility of the infant skull, Z Rechtsmed. 94: 93-101, 1985). To our knowledge, these studies contained the largest sample size among pediatric cadaver tests in the literature. However, the lack of injury measurements limited their direct application in investigating pediatric skull fracture risks. In this study, 50 pediatric cadaver tests from Weber's studies were reconstructed using a parametric pediatric head finite element (FE) model which were morphed into subjects with ages, head sizes/shapes, and skull thickness values that reported in the tests. The skull fracture risk curves for infants from 0 to 9 months old were developed based on the model-predicted head injury measures through logistic regression analysis. It was found that the model-predicted stress responses in the skull (maximal von Mises stress, maximal shear stress, and maximal first principal stress) were better predictors than global kinematic-based injury measures (peak head acceleration and head injury criterion (HIC)) in predicting pediatric skull fracture. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using age- and size/shape-appropriate head FE models to predict pediatric head injuries. Such models can account for the morphological variations among the subjects, which cannot be considered by a single FE human model.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of skull fracture risk for children 0–9 months old through validated parametric finite element model and cadaver test reconstruction

Liu²,

Zhang

et al. 2015

Int J Legal Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…12 The tibia index was also calculated and compared to the scaled injury values published by Ivarsson. 12,21 The tibia index is a parameter developed for evaluating the combined effects of axial compression and bending in ATDs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofidelity Evaluation of a Prototype Hybrid III 6 Year-Old ATD Lower Extremity

2016

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Incomplete instrumentation and a lack of biofidelity in the extremities of the 6 year-old anthropomorphic test device (ATD) pose challenges when studying regions of the body known to interact with the vehicle interior. This study sought to compare a prototype Hybrid III 6 year-old ATD leg (ATD-LE), with a more biofidelic ankle and tibia load cell, to previously collected child volunteer data and to the current Hybrid III 6 year-old ATD (HIII). Anthropometry, range of motion (ROM), and stiffness measurements were taken, along with a dynamic evaluation of the ATD-LE using knee-bolster airbag (KBA) test scenarios. Anthropometry values were similar in eight of twelve measurements. Total ankle ROM was improved in the ATD-LE with no bumper compared to the HIII. The highest tibia moments and tibia index values were recorded in KBA scenarios when the toes were positioned in contact with the dashboard prior to airbag deployment, forcing the ankle into axial loading and dorsiflexion. While improvements in the biofidelity of the ATD-LE are still necessary, the results of this study are encouraging. Continued advancement of the 6 year-old ATD ankle is necessary to provide a tool to directly study the behavior of the leg during a motor vehicle crash.

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“…The force and deflection data from adult PMHS chin and upper chest data were scaled to represent a 10YO-sized human using methods described in Mertz et al 9 The equations for scaling force and deflection based on stiffness and mass ratios are…”

Section: Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Impact Response of the Human Chin and Manubrium

2011

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Chin-to-chest impact commonly occurs in frontal crash simulations with restrained anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) in non-airbag situations. This study investigated the biofidelity of this contact by evaluating the impact response of both the chin and manubrium of adult post-mortem human subjects (PMHSs). The adult PMHS data were scaled to a 10-year-old (YO) human size and then compared with the Hybrid III 10YO child (HIII-10C) ATD response with the same test configurations. For both the chin and manubrium, the responses of the scaled PMHS had different characteristics than the HIII-10C ATD responses. Elevated energy impact tests to the PMHS mandible provided a mean injury tolerance value for chin impact force. Chin contact forces in the HIII-10C ATD were calculated in previously conducted HYGE sled crash simulation tests, and these contact forces were strongly correlated with the Head Injury Criterion (HIC(36 ms)). The mean injurious force from the PMHS tests corresponded to a HIC(36 ms) value that would predict an elevated injury risk if it is assumed that fractures of the chin and skull are similarly correlated with HIC(36 ms). Given the rarity of same occupant-induced chin injury in booster-seated occupants in real crash data and the disparity in chin and manubrium stiffnesses between scaled PMHS and HIII-10C ATD, the data from this study can be made use of to improve biofidelity of chin-to-manubrium contact in ATDs.

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Biomechanical and Scaling Bases for Frontal and Side Impact Injury Assessment Reference Values

Cited by 115 publications

References 59 publications

Prediction of skull fracture risk for children 0–9 months old through validated parametric finite element model and cadaver test reconstruction

Prediction of skull fracture risk for children 0–9 months old through validated parametric finite element model and cadaver test reconstruction

Biofidelity Evaluation of a Prototype Hybrid III 6 Year-Old ATD Lower Extremity

Biomechanical Impact Response of the Human Chin and Manubrium

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