Biomechanical analysis of hoof landing in horses trotting at high speed and the effects of ground surfaces

Bluestein, Danny; Dumont, Kris; Beule, Matthieu De; Ricotta, John J.; Impellizzeri, Paul; Verhegghe, Benedict; Verdonck, Pascal

doi:10.1080/10255840903077170

Cited by 22 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 4 publications

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“…Other clinical implications may be the development of in vivo imaging methods with molecular probes targeting levels of biological activity of the thrombus. Beside the involvement of the ILT in AAA expansion, it may be kept in mind that some authors by using computerized AAA models have suggested that ILT may also play a beneficial mechanical role in the risk of rupture by reducing AAA wall stress [48,49]. Further studies are thus needed to define more precisely the relative importance of this dual role of the ILT in AAA rupture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thrombus versus Wall Biological Activities in Experimental Aortic Aneurysms

Coutard¹,

Touat²,

Houard³

et al. 2009

J Vasc Res

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Background/Aim: The intraluminal thrombus (ILT) is considered to participate in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) evolution. To assess whether this role proceeds via ILT influence on biological activity of the AAA wall, we studied the relationships between the levels of some relevant proteases and microparticles (MP) released by ILT versus wall in rat experimental AAAs. Methods and Results: Two weeks after elastase perfusion, ILT and AAA wall were incubated in cell culture medium and studies were performed on conditioned media. As shown by gelatin zymography, ILT released higher amounts of MMP9 than the wall, whereas the level of MMP2 activation (active/pro) was similar. Levels of elastase and urokinase plasminogen activator, plasmin and MPs, determined, respectively, by casein zymography, substrate hydrolysis and flow cytometry, were higher in ILT than in wall. Aneurysm diameter positively correlated with wall MMP9 levels, MMP2 activation, plasmin activity and MP release. Moreover, wall and ILT levels of pro- and active forms of MMP2, elastase and plasmin were positively correlated. Wall levels of MMP2 activation and plasmin activity also correlated with ILT weight. Conclusion: The present data suggest that, in this experimental model, ILT may contribute to AAA evolution via its influence on the level of aneurysmal wall protease activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thrombus versus Wall Biological Activities in Experimental Aortic Aneurysms

Coutard¹,

Touat²,

Houard³

et al. 2009

J Vasc Res

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Progression of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Towards Rupture: Refining Clinical Risk Assessment Using a Fully Coupled Fluid–Structure Interaction Method

et al. 2014

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Rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is associated with high mortality rates. Risk of rupture is multi-factorial involving AAA geometric configuration, vessel tortuosity, and the presence of intraluminal pathology. Fluid structure interaction (FSI) simulations were conducted in Patient based computed tomography (CT) scans reconstructed geometries in order to monitor aneurysmal disease progression from normal aortas to non-ruptured and contained ruptured AAA (rAAA), and the AAA risk of rupture was assessed. Three groups of 8 subjects each were studied: 8 normal and 16 pathological (8 non-ruptured and 8 ruptured AAA). The AAA anatomical structures segmented included the blood lumen, intraluminal thrombus (ILT), vessel wall, and embedded calcifications. The vessel wall was described with anisotropic material model that was matched to experimental measurements of AAA tissue specimens. A statistical model for estimating the local wall strength distribution was employed to generate a map of a rupture potential index (RPI), representing the ratio between the local stress and local strength distribution. The FSI simulations followed a clear trend of increasing wall stresses from normal to pathological cases. The maximal stresses were observed in the areas where the ILT was not present, indicating a potential protective effect of the ILT. Statistically significant differences was observed between the peak systolic stress (PSS) and the peak stress at the mean arterial pressure (MAP) between the three groups. For the ruptured aneurysms, where the geometry of intact aneurysm was reconstructed, results of the FSI simulations clearly depicted maximum wall stress at the a-priori known location of rupture. The RPI mapping indicated several distinct regions of high RPI coinciding with the actual location of rupture. The FSI methodology demonstrates that the aneurysmal disease can be described by numerical simulations, as indicated by a clear trend of increasing aortic wall stresses in the studied groups, (normal aortas, AAAs and ruptured AAAs). Ultimately, the results demonstrate that FSI wall stress mapping and RPI can be used as a tool for predicting the potential rupture of an AAA by predicting the actual rupture location, complementing current clinical practice by offering a predictive diagnostic tool for deciding whether to intervene surgically or spare the patient from an unnecessary risky operation.

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Association of Intraluminal Thrombus, Hemodynamic Forces, and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Expansion Using Longitudinal CT Images

et al. 2015

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While hemodynamic forces and intraluminal thrombus (ILT) are believed to play important roles on abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), it has been suggested that hemodynamic forces and ILT also interact with each other, making it a complex problem. There is, however, a pressing need to understand relationships among three factors: hemodynamics, ILT accumulation, and AAA expansion for AAA prognosis. Hence this study used longitudinal CT scans from 14 patients and analyzed the relationship between them. Hemodynamic forces, represented by wall shear stress (WSS), were obtained from computational fluid dynamics; ILT accumulation was described by ILT thickness distribution changes between consecutives scans, and ILT accumulation and AAA expansion rates were estimated from changes in ILT and AAA volume. Results showed that, while low WSS was observed at regions where ILT accumulated, the rate at which ILT accumulated occurred at the same rate as the aneurysm expansion. Comparison between AAAs with and without thrombus showed that aneurysm with ILT recorded lower values of WSS and higher values of AAA expansion than those without thrombus. Findings suggest that low WSS may promote ILT accumulation and submit the idea that by increasing WSS levels ILT accumulation may be prevented.

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Biomechanical analysis of hoof landing in horses trotting at high speed and the effects of ground surfaces

Cited by 22 publications

References 4 publications

Thrombus versus Wall Biological Activities in Experimental Aortic Aneurysms

Thrombus versus Wall Biological Activities in Experimental Aortic Aneurysms

Progression of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Towards Rupture: Refining Clinical Risk Assessment Using a Fully Coupled Fluid–Structure Interaction Method

Association of Intraluminal Thrombus, Hemodynamic Forces, and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Expansion Using Longitudinal CT Images

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