Biomatrix for upper and lower airway biomarkers in patients with allergic asthma

Abstract

Although many biomarkers have been proposed for asthma monitoring, only the noninvasively accessible fraction of exhaled nitric oxide has been established into clinical routine, whereas implementation into guidelines is pending. 1 The upper and lower airways are considered a morphologic and functional unit and share air transport, physical barrier, mucociliary clearance, and immune interface as common features. 2 Furthermore, not only do allergic rhinitis and asthma share mechanisms of allergic inflammation, but also, transition of allergic rhinitis into asthma can represent a steady continuum depending on endotype. Therefore nasal secretions

More Than Just a Barrier: The Immune Functions of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma Pathogenesis

“…On the level of secreted factors, it was shown that cytokines such as Wnt5a (Wingless-Type MMTV Integration Site Family, Member 5a) or IL-24 are expressed as response to IL-4 stimulation only, while proteins with known pathological roles such as the IL-4 induced protein CCL-26 or periostin were shown to be upregulated by IL-4 and down-regulated in IFN-γ environment. These results were consistent when comparing upper and lower airway secretions, thus confirming nasal lining fluids as a proxy for the lower respiratory tract, particularly for epithelial type-2 biomarker like CCL-26 and IL24 (308,309). The E2-related transcription factor network contained the E2 hub-transcription factors GATA3, NFE2, MEIS1, HEY2, and AHR: GATA3 is well known as the master transcription factor of type-2 response in immune cells, however it was also shown to be expressed in airway epithelial cells.…”

Inflammatory macrophage memory in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug–exacerbated respiratory disease

“…Sputum induction and induced sputum-isolated macrophage (sMac) isolation were performed as previously described. 30,31 Sputum samples were subjected to metabolomics and lipid mediator analysis, and sMac were used for RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis. For more details, see this article's Online Repository.…”

Airway epithelial cell damage in asthma: mechanisms and biomarkers

“…In addition, serum periostin is far less predictive of T2 asthma than sputum periostin [62]. TSLP [110,116,117] and osteopontin [118] expression levels are elevated in nasal secretions and in serum whilst that of MMP-9 [119,120] is elevated in EBC and sputum. Reduced Sec14l3 [121] expression has only been studied in the BAL and lung tissue of asthmatic mice.…”