Biomatrices in Urethral Reconstruction

Abstract

Urethral reconstruction is still a big challenge in urology. Traditionally, the penile skin or buccal mucosa was used as graft for replacement. However, the morbidity of the donor site was reported previously. Furthermore, there is a lack of an adequate autologous donor graft in many cases. The tissue engineered urethra may provide an alternative to the reconstruction. Herein, we reviewed the biomatrices for urethral substitution either in animal model or in clinical cases.

"Enhancement of fumaric acid production by rhyzopus oryzae using oxygen - vector "

“…Fumaric acid production depends on fungal cells growth and pellet formation in submerged cultures, process controlled by multiple factors such as nutrients, pH, agitation, aeration, inoculum level, substrate concentration, polymer additives, the broth viscosity, and surface-active agents [11]. Among these factors, oxygen transfer rate (aeration) or the control of dissolved oxygen in the medium during fermentation is considered very important for organic acid production.…”