Biomaterials for Cell-Surface Engineering and Their Efficacy

Abstract

Literature in the field of stem cell therapy indicates that, when stem cells in a state of single-cell suspension are injected systemically, they show poor in vivo survival, while such cells show robust cell survival and regeneration activity when transplanted in the state of being attached on a biomaterial surface. Although an attachment-deprived state induces anoikis, when cell-surface engineering technology was adopted for stem cells in a single-cell suspension state, cell survival and regenerative activity dramatically improved. The biochemical signal coming from ECM (extracellular matrix) molecules activates the cell survival signal transduction pathway and prevents anoikis. According to the target disease, various therapeutic cells can be engineered to improve their survival and regenerative activity, and there are several types of biomaterials available for cell-surface engineering. In this review, biomaterial types and application strategies for cell-surface engineering are presented along with their expected efficacy.

Strategies for Biomaterial-Based Spinal Cord Injury Repair via the TLR4-NF-κB Signaling Pathway

“…Collagen type I and II are widely applied to bone tissue engineering ( Xing et al, 2021 ). Collagen type I has a repetitive structural motivation that is conducive to intermolecular or intramolecular assembly ( Jang et al, 2021 ). When pH and temperature are within the physiological range, collagen molecules can self-assemble into a gelatinous state, creating a favorable microenvironment for cell growth ( Jang et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Collagen type I has a repetitive structural motivation that is conducive to intermolecular or intramolecular assembly ( Jang et al, 2021 ). When pH and temperature are within the physiological range, collagen molecules can self-assemble into a gelatinous state, creating a favorable microenvironment for cell growth ( Jang et al, 2021 ). Scaffold-based strategies to construct regenerative microenvironment may represent a feasible therapeutic approach for patients with SCI ( Zhao et al, 2017 ).…”

“…Lim et al first attempted encapsulation of islet tissue within alginate to promote functional recovery. The gelation process enables alginate to forma hard, thick layer, which enhances the stability of the enveloped tissue or cell and protects them from immune responses ( Jang et al, 2021 ). Alginate can encapsulate a variety of cell types, such as neuronal cells, islet beta cells, mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells, intensifying cell activity and metabolic capacity, and preventing their exposure for recognition by immune cells ( Jang et al, 2021 ).…”

“…The gelation process enables alginate to forma hard, thick layer, which enhances the stability of the enveloped tissue or cell and protects them from immune responses ( Jang et al, 2021 ). Alginate can encapsulate a variety of cell types, such as neuronal cells, islet beta cells, mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells, intensifying cell activity and metabolic capacity, and preventing their exposure for recognition by immune cells ( Jang et al, 2021 ). As to sustained release, a nerve bridge based on SF/alginate composite biomaterials has been used as scaffold to load nerve growth factor (NGFs) in the repair of SCI ( Jiao et al, 2017 ).…”

Effects of Various Cell Surface Engineering Reactions on the Biological Behavior of Mammalian Cells

“…[1][2][3] It has important applications in cell therapy, cell transplantation, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. [4][5][6][7] In general, cell surface engineering can DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200379 be classified as genetic and nongenetic engineering strategies. [8,9] The genetic engineering strategy refers to genetic modification of cellular components to form ideal receptors and re-endow cells with novel functions.…”