Biomaterials Elicit Pyroptosis Enhancing Cancer Immunotherapy

Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of malignant tumors, but its effectiveness is limited by the low immune response rate and immune‐related adverse events. Pyroptosis, as an inflammatory programmed cell death type, triggers strong acute inflammatory response and antitumor immunity, converting “cold” tumors to “hot”. Particularly, biomaterials loading pyroptosis inducers targeting the tumor microenvironment to engineer pyroptosis, have achieved great progress in recent years. Herein, the design strategy, mechanism pathway, and role of biomaterials to induce pyroptosis in cancer immunotherapy are comprehensively reviewed. The present review focuses on the application of biomaterials‐induced pyroptosis in cancer immunotherapy, including nanogel, polymer prodrug, nanovesicle, and mesoporous material. Additionally, the synthesis of a series of stimuli‐responsive nanoplatforms, including glutathione‐responsive, pH‐responsive, reactive oxygen species‐responsive, and enzyme‐mimicking catalytic performance, is described. Meanwhile, it augments multiple immune response processes of cell uptake, antigen presentation, T‐cell activation, and expansion. Finally, the perspectives of pyroptosis‐mediated inflammation to break through the tumor vascular basement membrane barrier achieving efficient volcanic penetration of biomaterials are discussed. Artificial intelligence, multi‐omics analysis, and anthropogenic animal models of organoids are presented, aiming to provide guidance and assistance for constructing effective and controllable pyroptosis‐engineered biomaterials and improving tumor immunotherapy.

Metal–organic framework (MOF)-based materials for pyroptosis-mediated cancer therapy

“…, photo, electromagnetic, and ultrasound)-activated systems would provide spatiotemporal controllable methods to stimulate precise drug activation at the target site. 63,64…”

Nanohybrid-Based Redox Homeostasis Perturbators Escaped from Early Lysosomes toward Amplified Sensitization of Tumor Cells and Photothermally Maneuvered Pyroptosis Therapy

“…Cell pyroptosis could secrete related inflammatory factors, including high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-18 (IL-18). 3 Cell pyroptosis could secrete related inflammatory factors, including high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-18 (IL-18). The concentration of inflammatory factors in the culture medium after NHs + NIR was determined using an ELISA kit (Figure 5f−h).…”