Biomaterial-supported MSCs transplantation enhances cell-cell communication for spinal cord injury

Abstract

The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS) and serves to connect the brain to the peripheral nervous system and peripheral tissues. The cell types that primarily comprise the spinal cord are neurons and several categories of glia, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Ependymal cells and small populations of endogenous stem cells, such as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, also reside in the spinal cord [1]. Neurons are interconnected in circuits; those that process cutaneous sensory input are mainly located in the dorsal spinal cord, while those involved in proprioception and motor control are predominately located in the ventral spinal cord [2]. Due to the importance of the spinal cord, neurodegenerative disorders and traumatic injuries affecting the spinal cord will lead to motor deficits and loss of sensory inputs. Spinal cord injury (SCI), resulting in paraplegia and tetraplegia as a result of deleterious interconnected mechanisms encompassed by the primary and secondary injury, represents a heterogeneously behavioral and cognitive deficit that remains incurable. Following SCI, various barriers containing the neuroinflammation, neural tissue defect (neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes), cavity formation, loss of neuronal circuitry and function must be overcame[3]. Notably, the pro -inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effect s of cell-cell communication networks play critical roles in homeostatic, driving the pathophysiologic and consequent cognitive outcomes. In the spinal cord, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia are involved in not only development but also pathology. Glial cells play dual roles (negative vs. positive effects) in these processes. After SCI, detrimental effects usually dominate and significantly retard functional recovery, and curbing these effects is critical for promoting neurological improvement. Indeed, residential innate immune cells (microglia and astrocytes) and infiltrating leukocytes (macrophages and neutrophils), activated by SCI, give rise to full-blown inflammatory cascades. These inflammatory cells release neurotoxins (proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, free radicals, excitotoxic amino acids, nitric oxide (NO)), all of which partake in axonal and neuronal deficit[4]. Given the various multifaceted obstacles in SCI treatment, a combinatorial therapy of cell transplantation and biomaterial implantation may be addressed in detail here. For the sake of preserving damaged tissue integrity and providing physical support and trophic supply for axon regeneration, MSCs transplantation has come to the front stage in therapy for SCI with the constant progress of stem cell engineering [5]. MSCs transplantation promotes scaffold integration and regenerative growth potential. Integrating into the implanted scaffold, MSCs influences implant integration by improving the healing process[6]. Conversely, biomaterial scaffolds offer MSCs with a sheltered microenvironment from the surrounding pathological changes, in addition to bridging connection spinal cord stump and offering physical and directional support for axonal regeneration. Besides, Biomaterial scaffolds mimic the extracellular matrix to suppress immune responses. Here, we review the advances in combinatorial biomaterial scaffolds and MSCs transplantation approach that targets certain aspects of various intercellular communications in the pathologic process following SCI. Finally, the challenges of biomaterial-supported MSCs transplantation and its future direction for neuronal regeneration will be presented.

Biosensing surfaces and therapeutic biomaterials for the central nervous system in COVID-19

“…The biomaterials approach can act within the previously discussed context of delivering drugs to the CNS that serve a protective function [ 145 ]. Also, the ECM-like scaffolding biomaterials, such as hydrogel-based scaffolds, can support stem cell transplants within the context of a planned neural regeneration in the spinal cord, thanks to which they contain immunomodulatory and regenerative factors allowing the cells within the spinal cord to communicate with each other successfully [ 146 , 147 ]. In addition to biomaterials, stem cells, growth factors, drugs, and exosomes can regenerate the injured spine [ 148 ].…”