Biomass valorization of walnut shell into biochar as a resource for electrochemical simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions in water and soil samples: Preparation, characterization, and applications

Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review

“…In the last five years, several research groups have continued to explore the inclusion of various environmentally friendly (green) modifiers in the development of new electrodes for trace metal analysis. 23,35,37,61,66,69,71–73,87,89,92,104,110,120–127,157,175,186,187,197,201–205,219,289,293,313–321 Table S6 in the ESI† summarizes the main findings of the research studies published in the last five years reporting on the use of different green modifiers for various types of electrodes employed in the determination of trace heavy metals.…”

“…The spent coffee grounds were first treated with citric acid to increase the carboxyl groups present, and then, in addition to other modifiers, were used to prepare the modified CPE employed for the determination of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ . 314 Spent coffee grounds, 315 walnut shells, 317 and sugarcane 219 were subjected to pyrolysis to obtain biochar, which, combined with other compounds, was used to modify GCEs or CPEs for the determination of Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Hg 2+ ions. No prior chemical pretreatment of Bigarreau Burlat kernels shells 316 and mango seed kernels 318 was reported.…”

3D Biomass‐Derived Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Biosensors

“…In recent years, as a member of the carbon family, BC, especially 3D-BC structures, has received increasing attention from researchers. Compared to other carbon-based electrode modification materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, BC is designed and obtained from natural biomaterials, which reduces the cost of sensor preparation and creates great economic [27,28,[37][38][39][40][41][42] The performance improvement diagrams of BC-based materials in b) DA, [16,24,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49] c) Pt 2+ , [38,41,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56] and d) H 2 O 2 [23][24][25]28,[57][58][59][60][61] in recent years. e) Comparison of the sensing performance of BC-based modified materials for DA, Pt 2+ , and AP.…”

“…We compiled a timeline of the development of BC electrode modification materials, which provides a good overview of the progress reported each year (Figure 1a). [27,28,[37][38][39][40][41][42] We also summarize the performance improvement maps of BC-based materials in recent years for health (Figure 1b), [16,24,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49] environment (Figure 1c), [38,41,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56] and biomolecules (Figure 1d). [23][24][25]28,[57][58][59][60][61] BC has shown continuous research hotspots in life and health fields with breakthroughs in its sensing performance.…”

“…a) The timeline for the development of BC for electrochemical sensors [27,28,[37][38][39][40][41][42]. The performance improvement diagrams of BC-based materials in b) DA,[16,24,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49] c) Pt 2+ ,[38,41,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56] and d) H 2 O 2[23][24][25]28,[57][58][59][60][61] in recent years. e) Comparison of the sensing performance of BC-based modified materials for DA, Pt 2+ , and AP.…”