Biomass upcycling of waste rPET to higher-value new-easy-recyclable microcellular thermoplastic (co)polyamide foams and hot-melt adhesives

Ranganathan, Palraj; Chen, Yu‐Hao; Rwei, Syang‐Peng; Lee, Yi-Huan

doi:10.1016/j.mtchem.2022.101101

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…These materials were used to make molecularly complex copoly(ester−amides) through the combination with dimer fatty acid, which were subsequently used to generate hot melt adhesives and foams. 122 Various composites and both epoxy and alkyd resins have been constructed by combining precursors directly with rPET in order to tune mechanics and barrier properties. 123−125 rPET has also been used in non-solvent-induced phase separation to prepare nanoporous membranes for filtration applications.…”

Section: ■ Direct Upcycling To Performance Enhanced Polymeric Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Very recently, BHET formed as a product of PET depolymerization was converted to phthalamides through aminolysis. These materials were used to make molecularly complex copoly(ester–amides) through the combination with dimer fatty acid, which were subsequently used to generate hot melt adhesives and foams …”

Section: Direct Upcycling To Performance Enhanced Polymeric Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in Polyester Upcycling for Diversifying a Problematic Waste Stream

2023

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We are facing a rapidly growing plastic pollution crisis, which is adversely affecting communities and ecosystems across the globe. Polymer scientists have an urgent obligation to develop and implement strategies for reutilizing plastic waste streams instead of continually relying on virgin feedstocks in plastic manufacturing. Postconsumer and postindustrial plastic items should be treated as valuable resources instead of discarding them. In order to do this, technological outlets must be developed to produce renewed materials using plastic waste as an input. Polyesters represent one of the largest plastic waste streams because they are commonly used in single-use beverage and food containers as well as textiles. Polyesters are also ideal candidates to exploit through chemical diversification, owing to the wide variety of functional derivatives that can be synthetically accessed via ester reactivity. This work highlights some recent developments related to diversifying polyester waste, with a focus on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as waste stream. The strategies encompass the production of both valuable small molecules prepared via degradation of PET and high-performance polymeric scaffolds derived from reactions with PET. Taking the recent ingenuity into consideration, based on these technological developments, an outlook is provided for the future of polyester waste streams. What are the next steps that are needed? Where are these trends headed? What gaps still exist, particularly with respect to assessment of sustainability and life cycle analysis? Collectively considering the examples highlighted here, there is great promise in the field of reutilizing waste streams as feedstocks for value-added materials.

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Section: ■ Direct Upcycling To Performance Enhanced Polymeric Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Direct Upcycling To Performance Enhanced Polymeric Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Polyester Upcycling for Diversifying a Problematic Waste Stream

2023

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“…The CO 2 absorption of PA12,36 upsurged as the applied S pressure increased, and reached a peak at 150 bar (at T foaming = 79 °C; F time = 90 min), as displayed in Figure 6 a, which demonstrated that an S pressure of 150 bar was suitable for CO 2 absorption and foaming attributes. The interaction between amide groups in PA12,36 and oxygen groups in CO 2 resulted in a plasticization effect and H-bonds, which augmented the movement of PA12,36 networks and absorbed more CO 2 [ 43 ]. In general, polymeric foams produced at higher S pressure would have smaller cell sizes because more CO 2 is dissolved in the polymer matrix, which affords greater driving energy for cell nucleation compared with lower S pressure and results in more nuclei [ 44 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of High-Value Bio-Based Polyamide 12,36 Microcellular Foams with Excellent Dimensional Stability and Shape Recovery Properties

Chen,

Ranganathan,

Mutharani

et al. 2024

Polymers

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The search for alternatives to petroleum-based thermoplastic polyamide elastomers (TPAEs) has recently drawn great interest. In this study, a bio-massed TPAE, PA12,36, was synthesized using 1,12-dodecanediamine (DDA) and fatty dimer acid (FDA, PripolTM1009) precursors via catalyst and solvent-free melt polycondensation. The molecular structure and molecular weight of the PA12,36 were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, and GPC. PA12,36 displayed a low melting temperature of 85.8 °C, an initial degradation temperature of 425 °C, and a glass-transition temperature of 30.4 °C, whereas it sustained satisfactory tensile strength (10.0 MPa) and superior strain at break (1378%). Furthermore, PA12,36 was foamed by supercritical CO2, and the cell size, cell density, and porosity were determined. The entangled long-chained FDA component generated a physically crosslinked network, which promoted the melt viscosity of PA12,36 against elongations of foam cell growth and increased foamability significantly. As a result, uniform structured cellular foams with a cell diameter of 15–24 µm and high cell density (1011 cells/cm3–1012 cells/cm3) were successfully achieved. The foaming window was widened from 76 to 81 °C, and the expansion ratio was increased from 4.8 to 9.6. Additionally, PA12,36 foam with a physically crosslinked structure presented a better creep shape recovery percentage (92–97.9%) and sturdier dimensional stability. This bio-based PA12,36 foam is a promising candidate to replace petroleum-based thermoplastic elastomer foams for engineering applications, particularly shoe soles.

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“…, PET and polylactic acid) mainly due to their lower thermodynamic stability compared to polyolefins. 2,6 The availability of terephthalic acid and its derivatives originating from post-consumer PET serves as a promotor for the development of sustainable thermoplastic 10 and thermosetting polymers. 11–13 Furthermore, their production can use partially depolymerized PET that contains oligomeric byproducts, thus reducing secondary waste generation and lowering energy requirements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%