Biomass‐Derived Carbon for High‐Performance Batteries: From Structure to Properties

Abstract

Owing to the sustainability, environmental friendliness, and structural diversity of biomass-derived materials, extensive efforts have been devoted to use them as energy storage materials in high-energy rechargeable batteries. A timely and comprehensive review from the structures to mechanisms will significantly widen this research field. Here, it starts with the operation mechanism of batteries, and it aims to summarize the latest advances for biomass-derived carbon to achieve high-energy battery materials, including activation carbon methods and the structural classification of biomass-derived carbon materials from zero dimension, one dimension, two dimension, and three dimension. Each strategy starts with carefully selected examples and then moves to illustrate the underlying transport mechanism of electrons in the structure. In the end, challenges, strategies, and outlooks are pointed out for the future development of biomass-derived carbon materials. Overall, this review will help researchers choose appropriate strategies to design biomass-derived carbon materials, thereby promoting the application of biomass materials in battery design.

Understanding Synthesis–Structure–Performance Correlations of Nanoarchitectured Activated Carbons for Electrochemical Applications and Carbon Capture

“…Chemical activating agents (typically H 3 PO 4 or ZnCl 2 ) can produce channels and improve the transport efficiency of physical activating gas (typically CO 2 ) inside carbon feedstocks at a high temperature. [33,163] Nevertheless, the procedure of combined activation techniques is relatively complex and high-cost. On the other hand, self-activation, as the name implies, is a one-step and low-cost annealing route of some biomass or derivatives to synthesize activated carbons without extra activation etchants.…”

Lotus Root‐Derived Porous Carbon as an Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…The preparation route of biomass-derived carbon materials was as follows (see Scheme 1). [48][49][50] A fresh LR was cut into approximately 1.5 cm × 0.5 cm × 0.2 cm small strips, followed by soaking them into 3.0 mol L À 1 KOH solution, where the mass proportion of LR and KOH is 2 : 1. 24 hours later, the white LR strips changed from white to black and also appeared gummy.…”

Multi-stage explosion of lignin: a new horizon for constructing defect-rich carbon towards advanced lithium ion storage

“…10 Physical activation (such as NH 3 , CO 2 , and steam) can create shallow micropores and active nitrogen/oxygen defects through changing activation conditions, 11 which can provide extra sites for Li-ion storage, and avoid the deterioration of kinetics simultaneously. 12 In particular, the gas can enter pore channels, followed by pore wall etching to enlarge the closed pores into a developed porous structure, 13 which could significantly accelerate the kinetics. Mesopores are well known to be effective in accelerating kinetics and are generally constructed by a template method.…”