Biomass Conversion Technologies

Adams, Paul W.; Bridgwater, Anthony V.; Lea‐Langton, Amanda; Ross, Andrew B.; Watson, Ian

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-101036-5.00008-2

Cited by 128 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Generally, the zwitterion and termolecular mechanisms are two common approaches to describe the kinetics of carbon dioxide and amine reaction 24,25 . In the termolecular mechanism the amine, CO 2 , and a base react simultaneously, while in the zwitterion mechanism CO 2 and amine react to form a zwitterion intermediate that is deprotonated by any base B such as water and amine.…”

Section: Absorption Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO₂ solubility in aqueous binary mixtures of monoethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, and diaminobutane

2020

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The main objective of this research is to improve the CO 2 solubility and absorption rate of conventional alkanolamines including monoethanolamine (MEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) by 1,4-diaminobutane (DAB) as a promoter. Typically, the presence of two primary functional groups, lack of strict hindrance, and low molecular weight make DAB an efficient solvent to absorb CO 2. In the first step, the absorption kinetic of DAB is investigated theoretically and a rate equation is proposed based on the zwitterion mechanism. In the second step, the equilibrium capacity of MEA and MDEA is promoted by DAB experiment in an isothermal stirred batch reactor in the pressure range 20-100 kPa, temperature range 303-313 K, and promoter volume fraction 0-10%. Then, the effective loading and regenerability of prepared samples are investigated by continuous cyclic absorption and regeneration in the designed reactor. The experimental results show that increasing DAB concentration in the MEA and MDEA as base solutions increases the CO 2 absorption rate and equilibrium capacity.

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Section: Absorption Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO₂ solubility in aqueous binary mixtures of monoethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, and diaminobutane

2020

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“…These power projects have profitable outcomes due to emerging biomass power generation technologies. Industries utilise crop residues in biofuels, biodiesel and ethanol by applying various biochemical and thermochemical conversion methods, which can effectively save and utilise green energy [104,105]. Biomass potential is high due to the high availability of crops in Pakistan, as shown in Table 21.…”

Section: Installed Capacity Of Biomass In Pakistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Present Status and Potential of Biomass Energy in Pakistan Based on Existing and Future Renewable Resources

et al. 2019

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Pakistan is a developing country that is experiencing a shortage of electricity generation due to its rapidly growing demand. The existing and upcoming energy requirements for power generation and future transportation can be met by efficient utilisation of homegrown biomass resources. Determining the present energy mix resources in various sectors of the country is important. This article analyses the biomass resources and their potential and bioenergy utilisation in Pakistan. An overview of the global renewable energy scenario is presented. This article accentuates the importance and challenges of new technologies and estimates the current and future share of power generation from renewable sources, focusing on the technical potential of biomass energy, which is obtained from agricultural residues, animal manure and municipal solid wastes in Pakistan. This paper highlights the developing technologies that are primarily used to convert biomass waste into energy and presents a critical consideration on future directions in drafting the bioenergy framework policy in Pakistan. For effective implementation of biomass-based renewable energy production in the country, this paper presents an extensive literature review on current and future perspectives and suggestions on future directions and policies to overcome the deficit in electricity supply and environmental concerns. Furthermore, this paper discusses the utilisation of biomass resources in the rapidly growing transportation sector and presents a solution for upcoming mass transit projects in two major cities in Pakistan. The conclusion is that biomass energy is the most sustainable, eco-friendly and efficient renewable energy and is an emerging renewable energy resource that can meet the growing energy demand in Pakistan.

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“…In converting raw biomass into various forms of energy such as heat, solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, there are four approaches: direct combustion, physical conversion, biochemical, and thermochemical conversions [56,57]. Energy yield, which stands for the ratio of total energies between processed and raw biomass samples, is a measure of preserved energy in the processed materials, corresponding to their solid, liquid, and gaseous states [58].…”

Section: Biomass Energy Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Product Characteristics of Torrefied Wood Sawdust in Normal and Vacuum Environments

et al. 2019

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To investigate the efficacy of torrefaction in a vacuum environment, wood sawdust was torrefied at various temperatures (200–300 °C) in different atmospheres (nitrogen and vacuum) with different residence times (30 and 60 min). It was found that the amount of biochar reduced at the same rate—regardless of atmosphere type—throughout the torrefaction process. In terms of energy density, the vacuum system produced biochar with better higher heating value (HHV, MJ/kg) than the nitrogen system below 250 °C. This was the case because the moisture and the high volatility compounds such as aldehydes diffused more easily in a vacuum. Over 250 °C, however, a greater amount of low volatility compounds evaded from the vacuum system, resulting in lower higher heating value in the biochar. Despite the mixed results with the solid products, the vacuum system increased the higher heating value of its liquid products more significantly than did the nitrogen system regardless of torrefaction temperature. It was found that 23% of the total energy output came from the liquid products in the vacuum system; the corresponding ratio was 19% in the nitrogen system. With liquid products contributing to a larger share of the total energy output, the vacuum system outperformed the nitrogen system in terms of energy density.

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Biomass Conversion Technologies

Cited by 128 publications

References 77 publications

CO₂ solubility in aqueous binary mixtures of monoethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, and diaminobutane

CO₂ solubility in aqueous binary mixtures of monoethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, and diaminobutane

Present Status and Potential of Biomass Energy in Pakistan Based on Existing and Future Renewable Resources

Product Characteristics of Torrefied Wood Sawdust in Normal and Vacuum Environments

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Biomass Conversion Technologies

Cited by 128 publications

References 77 publications

CO2 solubility in aqueous binary mixtures of monoethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, and diaminobutane

CO2 solubility in aqueous binary mixtures of monoethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, and diaminobutane

Present Status and Potential of Biomass Energy in Pakistan Based on Existing and Future Renewable Resources

Product Characteristics of Torrefied Wood Sawdust in Normal and Vacuum Environments

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Product

Resources

About

CO₂ solubility in aqueous binary mixtures of monoethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, and diaminobutane

CO₂ solubility in aqueous binary mixtures of monoethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, and diaminobutane