Biomass-based chemical looping technologies: the good, the bad and the future

Abstract

This review article focuses on the challenges and opportunities of biomass-based chemical looping technologies and explores fundamentals, recent developments and future perspectives.

Advanced Chemical Looping Materials for CO2 Utilization: A Review

“…If chemical looping process is performed in a fluidized bed, the oxygen carriers additionally need to have sufficient mechanical strength to avoid attrition, which is quite common during their lifetime. In this sense, the attrition behavior of materials should be evaluated according to standard crushing tests under chemical looping operation conditions [39]. When carbonaceous and sulfur-containing fuels (fossil fuels and biomass) are used as feedstocks in chemical looping, issues like coke deposition, sulfur poisoning and high operation temperature inevitably result in deactivation of the oxygen carrier.…”

“…Among various transition metals, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn and Co-based materials are commonly considered to serve as oxygen carriers, although they present some disadvantages: Low reactivity and low oxygen transport capacity of Fe and Mn, low melting point and high agglomeration tendency of Cu, as well as high cost and negative health effects of Ni and Co. Figure 3 compares key information for these traditional oxygen carriers [39]. …”

“…Fe-based materials are commonly known as a good option for oxygen carriers due to their low price, high mechanical strength and environmentally friendly nature [39]. They almost have no tendency for carbon or sulfur deposition [53], making them promising candidates in all chemical looping processes involving carbonaceous and sulfur-containing fuels.…”

“…During the early stages of development, research focused on the metal oxide materials with a single function as CO 2 accepter or oxygen storage, which are mainly used for conventional chemical looping combustion and reforming processes. The advances were reported in a few review papers [1,2,14,21,26,38,39]. More recently, a novel process, so-called catalyst-assisted chemical looping, was proposed with the aim of maximal CO 2 utilization.…”

Analysis of Syngas Production from Biogas via the Tri-Reforming Process

“…In addition, the presence of H 2 O and O 2 in the feedstock helps to mitigate carbon deposition, and catalyst deactivation can be prevented [8,9]. As fossil energy resources reduce sharply and environmental pollution becomes more serious, searching for new materials for syngas production plays an important role in future energy development [10][11][12]. Biogas is receiving much attention because of its considerable economic and environmental benefits [13].…”