Biomarkers Predicting Venetoclax Sensitivity and Strategies for Venetoclax Combination Treatment

Abstract

BCL2 is an antiapoptotic protein commonly expressed in hematologic malignancies. Overexpression of BCL-2 is a poor prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Venetoclax (ABT-199) is a highly selective BCL2 inhibitor that can induce cell death in multiple leukemia cell lines. Recently, venetoclax received an FDA breakthrough therapy designation for use in combination with hypomethylating agents in treatment-naïve patients with AML who are unfit for intensive chemotherapy. However, venetoclax was only modestly effective as monotherapy in relapsed/refractory AML (19% CR/CRi). The aim of the current study is to integrate genomic and functional screen data to identify biomarkers to predict venetoclax sensitivity and resistance in AML, and to identify potential venetoclax combination treatment strategies. In this study, we investigated approximately 200 AML patient samples and correlated clinical parameters, whole exome sequence data, and RNAseq gene expression data with in vitro drug screening data (drug area under the curve (AUC)) to identify subsets of AML samples with sensitivity or resistance to venetoclax alone and in combinations with 10 small molecular inhibitors (Array-382, dasatinib, JQ-1, idelalisib, quizartinib, palbociclib, panobinostat, ruxolitinib, sorafenib, and trametinib). For gene expression, we observed that venetoclax correlated with 3 gene expression clusters (coefficient frequency: 0.94, 0.80 and 0.71 respectively) among 21 gene expression clusters in AML, associated with innate immune system, neutrophil degranulation, and interleukin-10 signaling. Among the BCL2 gene family, venetoclax AUC positively correlated with BCL2A1 (r=0.59, p<0.0001) and MCL1 (r=0.26, p=0.001) expression, whereas it negatively correlated with BCL2 (r=-0.53, p<0.0001) expression. BCL2A1 is the only BCL2 family gene within all three clusters and correlated the best with venetoclax sensitivity. Interestingly, within the three gene clusters, we observed that cell surface markers CLEC7A (CD369) and CD14 correlated with venetoclax sensitivity (r=0.68 and 0.64, p<0.0001). AML patient samples expressing CD14 detected by flow cytometry also demonstrated reduced venetoclax sensitivity (p=0.005), which could potentially serve as a biomarker to identify venetoclax resistant patients. For cytogenetic categories and mutations, we observed that AML samples harboring PML-RARA translocations, WT1, and FLT3 with IDH1 mutations are more sensitive to venetoclax, and samples with TET2, KRAS, PTPN11 and SF3B1 mutations are more resistant. We validated the effect of WT1, KRAS, and PTPN11 mutations on venetoclax sensitivity by performing drug assays on mouse bone marrow stem cells and/or AML cell lines overexpressing each mutant. Samples harboring PTPN11 mutations demonstrated high MCL1 expression, and PTPN11 mutant-transduced cells remain sensitive to Idasanutlin, which was previously shown to downregulate MCL1 expression. Samples with KRAS mutations demonstrated high BCL2A1 expression, which potentially mediate venetoclax resistance. For venetoclax drug combinations, we observed that venetoclax-trametinib demonstrated a synergistic effect on samples that are sensitive to venetoclax, whereas venetoclax-palbociclib, venetoclax-Array-382, venetoclax-sorafenib, venetoclax-ruxolitinib, venetoclax-dasatinib, and venetoclax-idelalisib are active against samples that are resistant to venetoclax, indicating potential therapeutic combinations. Interestingly, the CDK inhibitor palbociclib demonstrated no effect on the majority of AML samples and does not correlate with the BCL2A1 expression as a single agent, yet shows the most robust synergy with venetoclax, especially on samples that are resistant to venetoclax and with high BCL2A1 expression, indicating a potential synthetic lethal interaction. Venetoclax-palbociclib AUC also negatively correlated with CLEC7A and CD14 expression, indicating that venetoclax-palbociclib could circumvent venetoclax resistance to treat patients with high CLEC7A and/or CD14 expression. In summary, we have identified that CD14 and/or CLEC7A could be used as biomarkers to predict venetoclax sensitivity in AML, and we propose to combine venetoclax and palbociclib to treat patients with a venetoclax resistant profile (high CD14/CLEC7A expression or high BCL2A1 expression, or presence of KRAS mutations). Disclosures Druker: Beta Cat: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center: Research Funding; McGraw Hill: Patents & Royalties; Vivid Biosciences: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Oregon Health & Science University: Patents & Royalties; Bristol-Meyers Squibb: Research Funding; GRAIL: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; ARIAD: Research Funding; Third Coast Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead Sciences: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Monojul: Consultancy; Novartis Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Millipore: Patents & Royalties; Leukemia & Lymphoma Society: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; ALLCRON: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Aileron Therapeutics: Consultancy; Patient True Talk: Consultancy; Cepheid: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Henry Stewart Talks: Patents & Royalties; Celgene: Consultancy; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; MolecularMD: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Blueprint Medicines: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Aptose Therapeutics: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Majeti:BioMarin: Consultancy; Forty Seven, Inc: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Tyner:Incyte: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; Leap Oncology: Equity Ownership; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Gilead: Research Funding; Syros: Research Funding; Aptose: Research Funding; Agios: Research Funding.

Venetoclax-based therapies for acute myeloid leukemia

“…Overexpression of the anti-apoptotic proteins BCL2-A1, BCL-XL and MCL-1 has been associated with increased tumor cell survival, chemoresistance and resistance to the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax. [6,18,39,40] Lower BCL2-A1 levels; PML-RARA translocation; WT1, FLT3 and IDH1 mutations have been reported to confer higher sensitivity to venetoclax; in contrast, TET2, KRAS, PTPN11 and SF3B1 mutations have been linked to resistance. [40] While BCL-2 expression does not strictly predict antitumor response to BCL-2 inhibition, sensitivity is determined by the amount of BCL-2 actively binding and sequestering proapoptotic proteins, also known as priming.…”

“…[6,18,39,40] Lower BCL2-A1 levels; PML-RARA translocation; WT1, FLT3 and IDH1 mutations have been reported to confer higher sensitivity to venetoclax; in contrast, TET2, KRAS, PTPN11 and SF3B1 mutations have been linked to resistance. [40] While BCL-2 expression does not strictly predict antitumor response to BCL-2 inhibition, sensitivity is determined by the amount of BCL-2 actively binding and sequestering proapoptotic proteins, also known as priming. [41] Highly BCL-2 primed cells are more susceptible to BCL-2 inhibitors, and the exposure of un-primed or normal cells to venetoclax does not induce apoptosis.…”

Absence of BCL-2 Expression Identifies a Subgroup of AML with Distinct Phenotypic, Molecular, and Clinical Characteristics

“…Given the financial burden of venetoclax treatment and the risk of additive toxicity when combined with IC or HMAs, it is critically important to determine which patients will most benefit from the addition of venetoclax [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a valuable tool that can be used to identify gene mutations conferring resistance or sensitivity to venetoclax [ 8 , 14 ].…”

Potential Biomarkers for Treatment Response to the BCL-2 Inhibitor Venetoclax: State of the Art and Future Directions

“…FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation and PTPN11 mutations are associated with primary or acquired resistance to venetoclax monotherapy. In addition, upregulation of the Ras/MAPK pathway is an important factor in determining venetoclax resistance [77]. Collectively, these pathogenic alterations result in MCL-1 upregulation, circumvented by targeted MCL-1 inhibition [78].…”