Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure Decrease After Smokers Switch to an E-Cigarette or Nicotine Gum

Round, Elaine K.; Chen, Peter; Taylor, Anthony K; Schmidt, Eckhardt

doi:10.1093/ntr/nty140

Cited by 45 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Concerns regarding the heterogeneity of e-liquid composition in terms of variable nicotine concentrations and carcinogenic constituents led the Food and Drug Administration to extend regulatory authority to include these products in 2016. In this review, several studies reported the e-cigarette device voltage and resistance under typical usage conditions [9,25,35,36], while other studies attempted to standardize the e-liquid used [23,31] and frequency of vaping to reduce variability [1,28,35]. Moreover, metabolites of carcinogens in urine may be directly related to the intensity of e-cigarette usage, including time to last use prior to obtaining the urine specimen, although few studies controlled for this variable [1,26,28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the 22 included studies, four were randomized controlled trials [9,[23][24][25], six were multi-institutional studies [8,[24][25][26], 10 were single-institutional studies, two analyses were of the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health [27,28], and one was an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [29]. In addition, two pairs of studies reported results from common datasets [7,9,23,30] and four were sponsored by the tobacco or ecigarette industry [9,23,25,31]. Aggregation of the 22 studies produced an overall sample size of 1259 study participants, where individual sample study sizes ranged from 6 to 280.…”

Section: Study Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All 22 included studies were published since 2015. Participant mean/ median age was infrequently reported, but the median age of those reported was 36 yr [1,8,12,23,25,26,[31][32][33][34]. Study designs were primarily cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.…”

Section: Study Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, it is challenging to determine the amount of residual biomarkers from prior or undisclosed current cigarette smoking that contributed to a biomarker level. Importantly, few of the reviewed studies used washout periods to minimize the risk of exposure contamination (range <1 d [9,23,25,36,37] to 48 h [33]).…”

Section: 4mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carcinogen Biomarkers in the Urine of Electronic Cigarette Users and Implications for the Development of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review

Bjurlin

Matulewicz

Roberts

et al. 2021

European Urology Oncology

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Context: Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has rapidly increased despite unclear longitudinal health effects. Once thought to be a safer alternative to tobacco smoke, it is possible that e-cigarettes expose the user to similar carcinogenic byproducts during the vaping process. These toxicants are metabolized and excreted in the urine, and may have oncogenic implications for bladder urothelium. Objective: To characterize and summarize known urinary carcinogenic biomarkers in e-cigarette users as they relate to the risk of developing bladder cancer. Evidence acquisition: A systematic literature search was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Relevant articles published in peerreviewed journals, through January 2019, that reported on urinary biomarkers in e-cigarettes users were included. Parent compounds and urinary biomarkers were classified according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and cross referenced using the Collaborative on Health and the Environment, Toxicant and Disease Database to determine a link to bladder cancer, grouped by strength of evidence. Evidence synthesis: Our initial search identified 1385 articles, 22 of which met final inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. In summation, these studies described 40 different parent compounds and four metals found in the urine of ecigarette users. Since each parent compound can be metabolized several different ways, 63 unique toxicant or carcinogenic metabolite biomarkers were identified. Compared with nonuser controls, e-cigarette users had higher concentrations of urinary biomarkers of several carcinogenic compounds linked to bladder cancer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 4mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carcinogen Biomarkers in the Urine of Electronic Cigarette Users and Implications for the Development of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review

Bjurlin

Matulewicz

Roberts

et al. 2021

European Urology Oncology

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“…For the current review, 60 relevant publications with comparisons were identified. 6,28,29,[44][45][46][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]59,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][84][85][86]89,[93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102]105,[107][108][109][110][125][126][127][128][129]…”

Section: Cigarettes Per Day (Cpd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measures of dependence in menthol and nonmenthol smokers - A comprehensive narrative review

Frost-Pineda

Heck

Curtin

2020

Journal of Addictive Diseases

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Introduction. More than a decade ago, concerns were raised that menthol in cigarettes might enhance addiction to smoking. This article provides a comprehensive review of published studies examining cigarette dependence among menthol and nonmenthol smokers. The purpose of the review is to evaluate the scientific evidence to determine if menthol increases cigarette dependence. Materials and Methods. The published literature was searched in 2019 for studies that provide evidence on cigarette dependence among menthol compared to nonmenthol smokers. Included in this review are published studies that compare menthol and nonmenthol smokers based on widely accepted and validated measures of dependence, or other established predictors of dependence (age of smoking initiation [first cigarette]/age of progression [regular/daily smoking]) and indicators of dependence (smoking frequency, cigarettes smoked per day, time to first cigarette after waking, night waking to smoke, smoking duration). Results and Conclusion. Based on a review of the available studies, including those with adjusted results and large representative samples, reliable and consistent empirical evidence supports a conclusion that menthol smokers are not more dependent than nonmenthol smokers and thus menthol in cigarettes does not increase dependence.

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Biomarkers of Tobacco Use: Relevance to Tobacco Harm Reduction

Round

Marano²

2022

Biomarkers in Toxicology

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Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure Decrease After Smokers Switch to an E-Cigarette or Nicotine Gum

Cited by 45 publications

References 36 publications

Carcinogen Biomarkers in the Urine of Electronic Cigarette Users and Implications for the Development of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review

Carcinogen Biomarkers in the Urine of Electronic Cigarette Users and Implications for the Development of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review

Measures of dependence in menthol and nonmenthol smokers - A comprehensive narrative review

Biomarkers of Tobacco Use: Relevance to Tobacco Harm Reduction

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