Biomarkers of the alcohol hangover state: Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS)

Mackus, Marlou; Loo, Aurora J. A. E. van de; Raasveld, S. J.; Hogewoning, Anna; Toraño, Javier Sastre; Flesch, Frits M.; Korte-Bouws, G.A.H.; Neer, R.H.P. Van; Wang, Xiaochun; Nguyen, Thomas; Brookhuis, Karel; Kraneveld, Aletta D.; Garssen, Johan; Verster, Joris C.

doi:10.1002/hup.2624

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Further, there were no differences in reported behaviors during the alcohol consumption sessions (e.g., dancing, sitting in a bar). Morning assessments of urine methanol [ 33 ] and urine ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) [ 34 ] did not reveal any significant differences between the hangover-sensitive and -resistant groups. However, urine ethanol concentration was significantly lower in the hangover-resistant group when compared to the hangover-sensitive group [ 35 ], suggesting accelerated alcohol metabolism among hangover-resistant drinkers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Responses after Heavy Alcohol Consumption: Cytokine Concentrations in Hangover-Sensitive and Hangover-Resistant Drinkers

et al. 2021

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This study investigated immunological changes during an alcohol hangover, and the possible difference between hangover-resistant and hangover-sensitive drinkers in terms of immune reactivity. Using a semi-naturalistic design, N = 36 healthy social drinkers (18 to 30 years old) provided saliva samples on a control day (after drinking no alcohol) and on a post-alcohol day. Hangover severity was rated directly after saliva collection. Cytokine concentrations, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and hangover severity were compared between both test days and between hangover-sensitive and -resistant drinkers. Data from N = 35 drinkers (17 hangover-sensitive and 18 hangover-resistant) were included in the statistical analyses. Relative to the control day, there were significant increases in saliva IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations on the post-alcohol day. No significant differences in cytokine concentrations were found between hangover-sensitive and hangover-resistant drinkers, nor did any change in cytokine concentration correlate significantly with hangover severity. In line with previous controlled studies assessing cytokines in blood, the current naturalistic study using saliva samples also demonstrated that the immune system responds to high-level alcohol intake. However, further research is warranted, as, in contrast to previous findings in blood samples, changes in saliva cytokine concentrations did not differ significantly between hangover-sensitive and hangover-resistant drinkers, nor did they correlate significantly with hangover severity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Responses after Heavy Alcohol Consumption: Cytokine Concentrations in Hangover-Sensitive and Hangover-Resistant Drinkers

et al. 2021

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“…Even after the acute intoxication has worn off and blood alcohol levels (BAC) have returned to 0.00% , cognitive, attentional, and psychomotor functions likely remain impaired to a certain degree [6][7][8][9][10][11]. While there is currently no neurobiochemical marker that could help to reliably detect the presence of alcohol hangover [12], being hungover may not only be disastrous for driving a vehicle, but also for various daily activities including safety-sensitive tasks at work and at home. Surprisingly, the mechanisms underlying such hangover-associated behavioral deficits are still not very well understood, as compared to the effects of acute intoxication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol Hangover Differentially Modulates the Processing of Relevant and Irrelevant Information

Opitz¹,

Beste²,

Stock³

2020

JCM

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Elevated distractibility is one of the major contributors to alcohol hangover-induced behavioral deficits. Yet, the basic mechanisms driving increased distractibility during hangovers are still not very well understood. Aside from impairments in attention and psychomotor functions, changes in stimulus-response bindings may also increase responding to distracting information, as suggested by the theory of event coding (TEC). Yet, this has never been investigated in the context of alcohol hangover. Therefore, we investigated whether alcohol hangover has different effects on target-response bindings and distractor-response bindings using a task that allows to differentiate these two phenomena. A total of n = 35 healthy males aged 19 to 28 were tested once sober and once hungover after being intoxicated in a standardized experimental drinking setting the night before (2.64 gr of alcohol per estimated liter of body water). We found that alcohol hangover reduced distractor-response bindings, while no such impairment was found for target-response bindings, which appeared to be unaffected. Our findings imply that the processing of distracting information is most likely not increased, but in fact decreased by hangover. This suggests that increased distractibility during alcohol hangover is most likely not caused by modulations in distractor-response bindings.

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“…Data show that this claim heavily depends on how much alcohol drinkers consume, but even at higher eBAC levels a small proportion of drinkers claim not to have hangovers [27,28]. At the same time, other hangover research showed no significant differences between the two groups of drinkers on several biomarkers such as urine ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) [57] or methanol [58], saliva cytokine levels [59], sensitivity to acute alcohol effects [60], demographics [31], or psychological characteristics such as mental resilience [61]. Additionally, the current study could not differentiate hangover-sensitive and hangover-resistant drinkers based on their dietary nutrient intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Nutrient Intake, Alcohol Metabolism, and Hangover Severity

Verster

Vermeulen

Loo

et al. 2019

JCM

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Several dietary components have been shown to influence alcohol metabolism and thereby potentially affect the development of a hangover. From the literature, it is evident that dietary nicotinic acid and zinc play a pivotal role in the oxidation of ethanol into acetaldehyde. The aim of the current study was to associate dietary intake of nicotinic acid and zinc with hangover severity. To this end, data from n = 23 healthy social drinkers who participated in a naturalistic hangover study were analyzed. n = 10 of them reported to be hangover-resistant (the control group), whereas n = 13 reported to have regular hangovers (the hangover-sensitive group). Two 24 h dietary recall records were completed, one for the day of alcohol consumption and another one for an alcohol-free control day. Dietary nutrient intake was averaged and did not significantly differ between hangover-sensitive and hangover-resistant drinkers. For the hangover-sensitive drinkers, partial correlations with overall hangover severity were computed, controlling for estimated blood alcohol concentration. A bootstrapping technique was applied to account for the relatively small sample size. The results showed that dietary intake of nicotinic acid (rPB = −0.521) and zinc (rPB = −0.341) were significantly and negatively associated (p < 0.002) with overall hangover severity. Dietary zinc intake was also significantly and negatively associated with severity of vomiting (rPB = −0.577, p < 0.002). No significant associations with hangover severity were found for other nutrients, such as fat and fibers. In conclusion, this study suggests that social drinkers who have a higher dietary intake of nicotinic acid and zinc report significantly less severe hangovers. As hangover-resistant and hangover-sensitive drinkers had a similar dietary nutrient intake, the claim of being hangover-resistant must be based on other unknown biopsychosocial factors. These findings should be replicated in a larger sample and include more elaborate food frequency questionnaires or nutrient-specific dietary intake records for zinc and nicotinic acid, and preferably accompanied by nutrient assessments in urine and/or blood.

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Biomarkers of the alcohol hangover state: Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS)

Cited by 15 publications

References 24 publications

Immune Responses after Heavy Alcohol Consumption: Cytokine Concentrations in Hangover-Sensitive and Hangover-Resistant Drinkers

Immune Responses after Heavy Alcohol Consumption: Cytokine Concentrations in Hangover-Sensitive and Hangover-Resistant Drinkers

Alcohol Hangover Differentially Modulates the Processing of Relevant and Irrelevant Information

Dietary Nutrient Intake, Alcohol Metabolism, and Hangover Severity

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