Biomarkers of Periodontal Tissue Remodeling during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice and Men: Overview and Clinical Relevance

Abstract

Biologically active substances are expressed by cells within the periodontium in response to mechanical stimuli from orthodontic appliances. Several possible biomarkers representing biological modifications during specific phenomena as simile-inflammatory process, bone resorption and formation, periodontal ligament changes, and vascular and neural responses are proposed. Citations to potentially published trials were conducted by searching PubMed, Cochrane databases, and scientific textbooks. Additionally, hand searching and contact with experts in the area were undertaken to identify potentially relevant published and unpublished studies. Selection criteria were as follows: animal models involving only mice and rats undergoing orthodontic treatment; collection of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as a noninvasively procedure for humans; no other simultaneous treatment that could affect experimental orthodontic movement. The data suggest that knowledge of the remodeling process occurring in periodontal tissues during orthodontic and orthopedic therapies may be a clinical usefulness procedure leading to proper choice of mechanical stress to improve and to shorten the period of treatment, avoiding adverse consequences. The relevance for clinicians of evaluating the rate of some substances as valid biomarkers of periodontal effects during orthodontic movement, by means of two models of study, mice and men, is underlined.

Effects of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) brewing on levels of RANKL and TGF- β1 in orthodontic tooth movement

“…16 Thus, a decrease in OPG expression may probably be caused by an increase in proinflamatory cytokine triggered by orthodontic pressure, will inhibit OPG expression. 6 Results of this research also indicated the increased levels of RANKL at the pressure sites after the administration of coffee brew was larger than at the tension sites, especially on day 22. This is consistent with a research showing that the application of orthodontic force on pressure site can trigger osteoblasts to generate more RANKL expression, resulting in enhancement of osteoclastogenesis and then improvement of bone resorption.…”

Effect of Low Level Laser Therapy on Local Bone Resorption During Orthodontic Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…The application of Low-level laser therapy is a noninvasive alternative that has shown to be effective not only to reduce pain caused by the application of separators (Burns et al, 2001;Aihara et al, 2006;Cattaneo et al, 2009;Altan et al, 2012;Artés-Ribas et al, 2013;Bister & Meikle, 2013) in the initial stages of treatment (Chen et al, 2011), during canine retraction (Cruz et al, 2004;d'Apuzzo et al, 2013) and following activation of orthodontic final archwires (Dominguez et al, 2012) but also to reduce the overall orthodontic treatment time Domínguez-Camacho & Velásquez-Cujar, 2010;Doshi-Mehta & Bhad-Patil, 2012;Domínguez & Velásquez, 2013).…”

The increased number of osteoblasts and capillaries in orthodontic tooth movement post-administration of Robusta coffee extract

“…Therefore, this closed coil spring extending from the maxillary right first molar to both maxillary incisors. 25 Observation was conducted by means of the rats being sacrificed on day 15 before their maxillary right first and second molar were extracted together with periodontal tissue. Histological examination was then performed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining technique to observe the number of osteoblasts and blood capillaries on the mesial and distal areas of periodontal ligaments.…”