Biomarkers of oxidative stress study V: Ozone exposure of rats and its effect on lipids, proteins, and DNA in plasma and urine

Kadiiska, Maria B.; Basu, Samar; Brot, Nathan; Cooper, Chris E.; Csallany, A. Saari; Davies, Michael J.; George, Magdalene; Murray, Dennis; Roberts, L. Jackson; Shigenaga, Mark K.; Sohal, Rajindar S.; Stocker, Roland; Thiel, David H. Van; Wiswedel, Ingrid; Hatch, Gary E.; Mason, Ronald P.

doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.023

Cited by 52 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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Section: Effects On Biological Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important to stress that lipid peroxides are unstable derivatives from the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and decompose to form reactive carbonyl molecules, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) [85,89]. These two products are abundant biomarkers of lipid peroxidation [85,90].Membrane-bound proteins are also involved in the process of lipid peroxidation. Aldehyde products, such as MDA and 4-HNE, react with amine and thiol groups of membrane protein, causing several damages, including inactivation of enzymes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Oxidative Stress: Noxious but Also Vital

Bagatini¹,

Jaques²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2018

Novel Prospects in Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress

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The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses determines the condition called oxidative stress. When there is an increase in ROS production or a decrease in the antioxidant defenses, this systemic antioxidant/pro-oxidant imbalance may lead to the accumulation of oxidative damage, which, in turn, may lead to a modification of biomolecules. These consist of reactions resulting in protein adducts, DNA oxidation, and formation of lipid peroxides, which, in turn, reduce the cellular functional capacity and increase the risk of disease development. The body has natural scavenging systems against free radicals and other reactive species. However, sometimes the endogenous antioxidant capacity is exceeded by the production of ROS. When this occurs, exogenous antioxidants exert important function for the human health. These bioactive compounds act preventing and neutralizing the formation of new reactive species and free radical s .I ns o m ec a s e s ,a n increase of ROS can help the host to resolve an infection or even to control the tumor growth. Finally, the levels of ROS can be perceived by signal transduction pathways involving known targets(i.e.,p53,Ras,andNF-κB) and regulate physiopathological events such as the cellular cycle, apoptosis, and inflammation.Keywords: reactive species, cellular oxidation, antioxidant system, health, disease © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Cellular respiration and generation of reactive species in the mitochondria: implications in cell viability and agingOxidative phosphorylation is the center of energy metabolism in plants, animals and several microbial life forms [1]. In eukaryotes, this process occurs in mitochondria. The mitochondria is a cytoplasmic organelle surrounded by two membranes, outer and inner membrane, which main function is the production of most of the phosphate compounds necessary for the energetic balance of the cell. In addition, other functions such as the regulation of the body'sheatgeneration [2][3][4] programmed cell death [5][6][7], reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell signaling [8] is also associated with mitochondria. Cellular vitality is directly related to mitochondria, and mitochondrial dysfunctions are frequent causes of accidental cell death [5,[9][10][11], cancer [12, 13], diabetes [14][15][16] and neurodegenerative diseases [17][18][19], among others.The characterization of the respiratory electron chain could be performed in studies using the fractionation of its components by certain detergents that at low concentrations break the interactions between proteins and lipids in the membranes, leaving associations between proteins intact [20]. In electron transport chain, through this process, four protein complexes were found....

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Section: Effects On Biological Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress: Noxious but Also Vital

Bagatini¹,

Jaques²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2018

Novel Prospects in Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent and has been linked to lung inflammation, and alveolar epithelial damage. It has been suggested that these damages are initiated by free radicals formed from the decomposition of secondary ozonides, a reaction product of ozone with unsaturated lipids [6]. Ozone also has been reported to induce damage to cellular DNA via free radical mediated reactions.…”

Section: Smogmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of Free Radicals in the Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants and Toxicants

Sinha¹

2013

J Clin Toxicol

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A vast body of evidence has been presented in the last decade indicating that various toxicants, both natural and man-made, present significant risk to human health. Health risks range from a simple allergy to the development of various types of cancers. The cost of prevention and treatment of these conditions/diseases is enormous and is escalating at a significant rate. The risk of people developing these conditions is far greater for those living in poor or underdeveloped countries than those living in developed countries due to the lack of understanding of health risks posed by toxicants to humans and/or lack of medical treatment in underdeveloped countries. However, there is a significant health risk from man-made toxicants in developed countries as more chemicals are synthesized every year, more food additives/ preservative are used, and more automobile-based -petroleum-driven pollution is present in air.Here I present a few examples of natural contaminants and a few examples of man-made synthetic compounds that pose significant risk to human health. I have chosen these toxicants (and environmental pollutants) because they have a common mechanism of toxicity and understanding of these mechanisms could result in both prevention and treatment. These toxicants/environmental pollutants range from metals (arsenic, copper, and lead), halogenated compounds (chloroform and carbon tetrachloride), air pollutants (ozone and sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrazines) and to various drugs (arsenic trioxide, and hydralazine) used as treatment for cancers and hypertension, respectively. The common theme with this wide range of toxicants is the biotransformation of these compounds in vivo and the generation of free radicals (oxidative stress). Although free radicals (molecules with unpaired electrons) are continuously generated during normal cell metabolism in vivo, they do not normally pose significant risks to human health as they are removed via extensive protective mechanisms (e.g., reduced glutathione, ascorbate and SOD) that are normally present in our body. In the absence or proper removable of free radical species formed (such as OH and NO radicals; commonly known as ROS and RNS) free radicals induce damage to critical proteins, lipids (lipid peroxidation) and DNA (formation of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine, other oxidized DNA molecules, and DNA cross-links). It is generally believed that such damage if not properly repaired over a period of time could lead to tissue/organ toxicity, and may induce tumor formation. Scheme 1Pathways for the formation of free radicals from toxicants/ pollutants and subsequent damage to cellular macromolecules in the absence (or decreased levels) of antioxidant enzymes. ArsenicInorganic arsenic is found as a contaminant in soil, water and air. It is readily absorbed in humans and has been shown to induce formation of tumors in the bladder, prostate, liver and skin. Inorganic arsenic undergoes a series of methylation steps using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the active methyl donor and it is bel...

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“…2. Recent technical advances used to detect and identify ROS/RNS biomarkers and free radical metabolism are electron spin resonance (ESR), the immuno-spin trapping technique (IST), and radioimmunoassay (RIA) [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cellular antioxidant system, designed to prevent damage to tissue, is composed of antioxidant enzymes and other non-enzymatic compounds that have the ability to reduce different chemical structures [21]. These compounds are responsible for maintaining the balance between pro-and antioxidant agents and alleviating OS (see Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%