Biomarkers of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Some Recent Progress, More Still to Be Explored

Abstract

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), the axonal subtype of which is mainly triggered by C. jejuni with ganglioside-mimicking lipooligosaccharides (LOS), is an immune-mediated disorder in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) accompanied by the disruption of the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSF-B). Biomarkers of GBS have been extensively explored and some of them are proved to assist in the clinical diagnosis and in monitoring disease progression as well as in assessing the efficacy of immunotherapy. Herein, we systemically review the literature on biomarkers of GBS, including infection-/immune-/BNB, B-CSF-B, and PNS damage-associated biomarkers, aiming at providing an overview of GBS biomarkers and guiding further investigations. Furthermore, we point out further directions for studies on GBS biomarkers.

Sphingomyelin as a myelin biomarker in CSF of acquired demyelinating neuropathies

“…In fact, proximal nerve roots located in the subarachnoid region are in close contact with CSF. Therefore, the altered composition of CSF could mirror the damage within the tissue of the nervous system 16 . First, we optimised a fluorescence-based assay to quantify SM in CSF that we routinely collect for clinical practice (Supplementary Figures S2 and S3 ).…”

“…A growing number of studies proved several biomarkers to be associated with the pathogenesis, development, and even recovery of demyelinating neuropathies, although critical issues emerge which restrict their widespread acceptance in clinical practice 16 .…”

“…Thus, we hypothesized that demyelination at tissue level might be detected by SM dosage in the CSF. Therefore, to test our hypothesis, we selected patients affected by immune-mediated demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies in which myelin breakdown may involve spinal roots and is therefore in close contact to CSF; more importantly, spinal tap is routinely performed for diagnostic purposes in these cases 16 . We found that SM is significantly increased in the CSF of these patients compared to all the control groups (Fig.…”

Modeling Human Peripheral Myelin Fully from Pluripotent Stem Cells and Immune-mediated Neuropathy In Vitro using ZIKA Virus

“…This is in line with our finding with RNA-Seq of up-regulation of 349 RIG-I-like receptor signaling that leads to production of these inflammatory cytokines and cell 350 death. These results indicate that, in human PNS cells in vitro, ZIKV causes immune events 351 resembling GBS-like cytokine profile (Wang, 2015). Interestingly, Dasatinib (NS4,5 blocker; 352 inhibitor of viral induced autophagy), Azithromycin (anti-ZIKV) and Sofosbuvir (anti-ZIKV), 353 but not Emricasan (anti-apoptosis) treatments altered the ZIKV-induced pattern of cytokine 354 production and reduced myelin structural damages significantly (Figures 3f-3g, and S4a-S4c).…”

Relation between broiler and humanCampylobacter jejunistrains isolated in Belgium from 2011 to 2013

“…Nevertheless, some rare complications like reactive arthritis or Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) have been associated with campylobacteriosis (Wang et al . ).…”