Biomarkers (mRNAs and non-coding RNAs) for the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract

In recent years, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have continued to improve. However, in the advanced stages of the disease, patients are unable to achieve long-term clinical remission and often suffer from systemic multi-organ damage and severe complications. Patients with RA usually have no overt clinical manifestations in the early stages, and by the time a definitive diagnosis is made, the disease is already at an advanced stage. RA is diagnosed clinically and with laboratory tests, including the blood markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the autoantibodies rheumatoid factor (RF) and anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). However, the presence of RF and ACPA autoantibodies is associated with aggravated disease, joint damage, and increased mortality, and these autoantibodies have low specificity and sensitivity. The etiology of RA is unknown, with the pathogenesis involving multiple factors and clinical heterogeneity. The early diagnosis, subtype classification, and prognosis of RA remain challenging, and studies to develop minimally invasive or non-invasive biomarkers in the form of biofluid biopsies are becoming more common. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules are composed of long non-coding RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs, which play an essential role in disease onset and progression and can be used in the early diagnosis and prognosis of RA. In this review of the diagnostic and prognostic approaches to RA disease, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the subject, focusing on recent advances in mRNA–ncRNA as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers from the biofluid to the tissue level.

Paeoniflorin inhibits the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes by downregulating hsa_circ_009012

“…Furthermore, circRNAs exhibit characteristics such as tissue speci city, conservation, and ubiquitous expression [12][13][14]42] . Due to these characteristics, circRNAs hold greater potential as a diagnostic biomarker for diseases [43][44][45][46] . Our preliminary studies had explored the circRNA expression pro les in PBMCs of RA patients by microarray assay and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, then identi ed hsa_circ_101328 and hsa_circ_009012 exhibit speci city and sensitivity in RA, which indicates that circRNAs hold signi cant promise as a diagnostic biomarker in RA with broad application prospects [16,23] .…”

Paeoniflorin inhibits the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes by downregulating hsa_circ_009012

“…Furthermore, circRNAs exhibit characteristics such as tissue specificity, conservation, and ubiquitous expression [ [12] , [13] , [14] , 42 ]. Due to these characteristics, circRNAs hold greater potential as a diagnostic biomarker for diseases [ [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] ]. Our preliminary studies had explored the circRNA expression profiles in PBMCs of RA patients by microarray assay and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, then identified hsa_circ_101328 and hsa_circ_009012 exhibit specificity and sensitivity in RA, which indicates that circRNAs hold significant promise as a diagnostic biomarker in RA with broad application prospects [ 16 , 23 ].…”

Current situation and trend of non-coding RNA in rheumatoid arthritis: a review and bibliometric analysis

“…Additionally, ncRNAs demonstrate specific expression patterns and high stability in disease conditions, making them precisely detectable in certain bodily fluids (such as blood, urine, etc.) ( 48 ). Therefore, ncRNA holds significant clinical value in the specific diagnosis of RA.…”

“…Furthermore, circRNAs exhibit characteristics such as tissue specificity, conservation, and ubiquitous expression ( 53 – 56 ). Due to these characteristics, circRNAs hold greater potential as a diagnostic biomarker for diseases ( 48 , 57 – 59 ). Several studies ( Table 6 ) had explored the circRNA expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of RA patients by microarray assay and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and identified circRNAs such as hsa_circ_0005008, hsa_circ_0140271, and hsa_circ_101328 exhibit specificity and sensitivity in RA, which indicates that circRNAs hold significant promise as a diagnostic biomarker in RA with broad application prospects ( 9 , 67 , 68 ).…”