Biomarkers in Vestibular Schwannoma–Associated Hearing Loss

Abstract

Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) are benign tumors composed of differentiated neoplastic Schwann cells. They can be classified into two groups: sporadic VS and those associated with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). VSs usually grow slowly, initially causing unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (HL) and tinnitus. These tumors cause HL both due to compression of the auditory nerve or the labyrinthine artery and due to the secretion of different substances potentially toxic to the inner ear or the cochlear nerve. As more and more patients are diagnosed and need to be managed, we are more than ever in need of searching for biomarkers associated with these tumors. Owing to an unknown toxic substance generated by the tumor, HL in VS may be linked to a high protein amount of perilymph. Previous studies have identified perilymph proteins correlated with tumor-associated HL, including μ-Crystallin (CRYM), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), immunoglobulin (Ig) γ-4 chain C region, Ig κ-chain C region, complement C3, and immunoglobulin heavy constant γ 3. Besides, the presence of specific subtypes of heat shock protein 70 has been suggested to be associated with preservation of residual hearing. It has been recently demonstrated that chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) is overexpressed in sporadic VS as well as in NF2 tumors and that hearing disability and CXCR4 expression may be correlated. Further, the genetic profile of VS and its relationship with poor hearing has also been studied, including DNA methylation, deregulated genes, growth factors, and NF2 gene mutations. The knowledge of biomarkers associated with VS would be of significant value to maximize outcomes of hearing preservation in these patients.

Bioinformatics analysis of C3 and CXCR4 demonstrates their potential as prognostic biomarkers in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)

“…Chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) belongs to the superfamily of the seven-transmembrane domain, heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled receptors and is associated with cell proliferation, migration, invasion and survival. In the previous reports, it had been demonstrated that CXCR4 was upregulated in sporadic Vestibular schwannomas (VS) as well as in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) tumors [28][29][30]. Besides, SDF-1 (CXCL12)/CXCR4 signaling has been verified to play a vital role in oncobiology, especially in hypoxia adaptation, metastasis and migration [31].…”

Bioinformatics Analysis of C3 and CXCR4 act as Potential Prognostic Biomarkers in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC)

“…In the previous reports, It has been demonstrated that CXCR4 is upregulated in sporadic Vestibular schwannomas (VS) as well as in neuro bromatosis type 2 (NF2) tumors. [23][24][25]According to our result that we explored CXCR4 was overexpressed in RCC as well as the higher expression related with poor prognosis.…”

Multimodal Imaging of Schwannoma in Hepatic Hilar Region

“…Appropriately 90 % of schwannoma is solitary and sporadic. The most well-known one is vestibular schwannoma, which mainly arises from the cerebellopontine angle [1][2][3]. According to the location and imaging features of schwannomas, vestibular schwannomas are not difficult to diagnose.…”