Biomarkers in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: An Updated Review

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) may begin with a relapsing-remitting course followed by insidious disability worsening independent of clinically apparent relapses. Sometimes the progression is subtle and cannot be detected with routine clinical and imaging assessments. In this review, we focus on emerging biomarkers that can be representatives of MS progression. Early detection of MS progression will result in choosing the appropriate treatments which would result in better long-term outcomes.