Biomarkers from Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid (PICF) as Predictors of Peri-Implant Bone Loss: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The aim of the present systematic review is to summarize current knowledge regarding the analysis of biomarkers extracted from peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) as predictors of peri-implant bone loss (BL). An electronic search was conducted on three databases, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, to find clinical trials published until 1 December 2022 suitable to answer the following focused question: in patients with dental implants, are biomarkers harvested from PICF predictive of peri-implant BL? The initial search yielded a total of 158 entries. After a full-text review and application of the eligibility criteria, the final selection consisted of nine articles. The risk of bias in included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools (JBI). According to the present systematic review, some inflammatory biomarkers harvested from PICF (collagenase-2, collagenase-3, ALP, EA, gelatinase b, NTx, procalcitonin, IL-1β, and several miRNAs) seem to be correlated with peri-implant BL and may assist in the early diagnosis of pathological BL, that characterizes peri-implantitis. MiRNA expression demonstrated a predictive potential of peri-implant BL that could be useful for host-targeted preventive and therapeutic purposes. PICF sampling may represent a promising, noninvasive, and repeatable form of liquid biopsy in implant dentistry.

Major approaches of inflammatory processes and peri-implant infections in the cellular and molecular scenario of mesenchymal stem cells, exosomes, and microRNAs: a systematic review

“…Furthermore, a systematic review study carried out by the authors Delucchi et al (2023) [33] evaluated that some inflammatory biomarkers collected from periimplant crevicular fluid (PICF) (collagenase-2, collagenase-3, ALP, EA, gelatinase b, NTx, procalcitonin, IL-1β and several miRNAs) appear to be correlated with the process of peri-implant bone loss, assisting in early diagnosis. Also, miRNA expression demonstrated a predictive potential of peri-implant bone loss that could be useful for hostdirected preventive and therapeutic purposes.…”

“…In the context of problems in dental implant processes, bone diseases are denoted by fractures, osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis that affect a large number of individuals, especially the elderly. Without intervention, the prevalence of osteopenia is projected to increase to 64.3 million American individuals and that of osteoporosis to 11.9 million by the year 2030 [1].…”

“…Even with existing prevention and treatment methods, the incidence and mortality of bone diseases are still gradually increasing, creating a significant financial burden for societies around the world. To prevent the occurrence of bone diseases, slow their progression, or reverse the injuries they cause, new alternatives or complementary treatments need to be developed [1,2].…”

“…In this scenario, despite the high percentages of success, dental implants are not free from possible complications with consequent failure, the causes of which are still the subject of debate in the dental scientific community. In particular, peri-implant infections are multifactorial pathological conditions characterized by inflammation of the peri-implant mucosa with or without progressive loss of supporting bone, such as peri-implantitis or peri-implant mucositis [1,2].…”

Current Molecular, Cellular and Genetic Aspects of Peri-Implantitis Disease: A Narrative Review

“…Peri-implant cervical fluid (PICF) is used as a site-specific and easy-to-obtain fluid. PICF is similar to gingival cervical fluid exerted from the gingival sulcus, and contains cells, bacteria, cytokines and active mediators [18]. To collect PICF, sterile paper strips are placed within the sulcus or peri-implant crevice and held for 30 s to properly soak up the fluid [19].…”