Biomarkers for the toxicity of sublethal concentrations of triclosan to the early life stages of carps

Abstract

Accumulation, contents of protein, non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH and GSSG), lipid peroxidation product (melondialdehyde-MDA) and organic acids (fumarate, succinate, malate and citrate), and activities of neurological (acetylcholinesterase-AChE), detoxification (glutathione S-transferase-GST) and metabolic (lactate dehydrogenase-LDH, aspartate transaminase-AST and alanine transaminase-ALT) enzymes were recorded in the hatchlings of Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala after 7 and 14 days exposure and 10 days post exposure (recovery period) to sublethal concentrations (0.005, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.05 mg/L) of triclosan, a highly toxic and persistent biocide used in personal care products. Accumulation was maximum between 7–14 days at 0.01 mg/L for C. carpio and L. rohita but at 0.005 mg/L for C. idella and C. mrigala. No triclosan was observed at 0.005 mg/L in C. carpio and C. mrigala after recovery. Significant decline in protein, glutathione and acetylcholinesterase but increase in glutathione S-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, melondialdehyde and organic acids over control during exposure continued till the end of recovery period. Integrated biomarker response (IBR) analysis depicted higher star plot area for glutathione and glutathione S-transferase during initial 7 days of exposure, thereafter, during 7–14 days of exposure and the recovery period, higher star plot area was observed for acetylcholinesterase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and organic acids. Higher star plot area was observed for protein in all the species throughout the study. The study shows that L. rohita is most sensitive and glutathione, acetylcholinesterase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase are the biomarkers for the toxicity of sublethal concentrations of TCS.

Morphological and Molecular Alterations Induced by Lead in Embryos and Larvae of Danio rerio

“…We do not have clear evidence regarding the mechanisms responsible for these different outcomes; nevertheless, we found in zebrafish a significant increase of ldh expression at all concentrations and exposure times. Similar results have been reported in the early life stages of several species, including zebrafish, after exposure to different pollutants, and confirmed the high energy requirement originating from chemical stress is involved in the upregulation of LDH in zebrafish [71,[78][79][80]. β-catenin is a multifunctional molecule highly conserved through evolution and plays a pivotal role in animals' developmental and homeostatic processes [81].…”

Triclosan at environmental concentration alters the hepatic antioxidant defence system in the fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792)

“…A recent study has reported that the environmental concentration of triclosan, triclocarban and its complex mixtures elevated the activity of GST, but failed to protect the catfish embryos from oxidative stress (Gomes et al, 2021). Speciesspecific variation in the activity of GST has been observed in the hatchlings of Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala after 7 and 14 days of triclosan exposure (Dar et al, 2020a).…”